scholarly journals Space in hand and mind: Gesture and spatial frames of reference in bilingual Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Marghetis ◽  
Melanie McComsey ◽  
Kensy Cooperrider
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Scale Space ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Spatial Frames Of Reference ◽  
Isthmus Zapotec ◽  
Scale Motion

Speakers of many languages prefer allocentric frames of reference (FoR) when talking about small-scale space, using words like ‘east’ or ‘downhill.’ Ethnographic work has suggested that this preference is also reflected in how such speakers gesture. Here, we investigate this possibility with a field experiment in Juchitán, Mexico. In Juchitán, a preferentially allocentric language (Isthmus Zapotec) co-exists with a preferentially egocentric one (Spanish). Using a novel task, we elicited spontaneous co-speech gestures about small-scale motion events (e.g., toppling blocks) in Zapotec-dominant speakers and in balanced Zapotec-Spanish bilinguals. Consistent with prior claims, speakers’ spontaneous gestures reliably reflected either an egocentric or allocentric FoR. The use of the egocentric FoR was predicted—not by speakers’ dominant language or the language they used in the task—but by mastery of words for ‘right’ and ‘left,’ as well as by properties of the event they were describing. Additionally, use of the egocentric FoR in gesture predicted its use in a separate non-linguistic memory task, suggesting a cohesive cognitive style. Our results show that the use of spatial FoRs in gesture is pervasive, systematic, and shaped by several factors. Spatial gestures, like other forms of spatial conceptualization, are thus best understood within broader ecologies of communication and cognition.

Socioeconomic Differences in Parental Communication About Location

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 410-427
Author(s):  
María del Rosario Maita ◽  
Daniela Jauck ◽  
Seamus Donnelly ◽  
Olga Peralta
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Scale Space ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Parental Communication ◽  
Spatial Communication ◽  
Spatial Terms

AbstractThis study explored whether parental directions about location differ by socioeconomic status (SES) and whether children’s performance is associated with parental spatial directions. We designed a task in which parents hid a toy in one of five identical boxes in a small-scale space, and then verbally guided their children’s search. Middle-SES(MSES) parents employed more language in general than low-SES(LSES) parents. However, groups used the same amount of spatial terms, suggesting that providing effective spatial directions is probably a matter of quality than quantity. Parents differed in the use of frames of reference; withLSESparents scarcely using them, which resulted in ambiguous reference.MSESparents showed a higher rate of person frames of reference and proximity terms, and their children performed better in the task. Our results suggest that spatial communication including person frames of reference combined with proximity information might be an effective strategy to communicate location.

scholarly journals Movement Around Real and Virtual Cluttered Environments

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 580-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Lessels ◽  
Roy A. Ruddle
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Scale Space ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Cluttered Environments ◽  
The Real ◽  
Desktop Virtual Environment

Two experiments investigated participants' ability to search for targets in a cluttered small-scale space. The first experiment was conducted in the real world with two field of view conditions (full vs. restricted), and participants found the task trivial to perform in both. The second experiment used the same search task but was conducted in a desktop virtual environment (VE), and investigated two movement interfaces and two visual scene conditions. Participants restricted to forward only movement performed the search task quicker and more efficiently (visiting fewer targets) than those who used an interface that allowed more flexible movement (forward, backward, left, right, and diagonal). Also, participants using a high fidelity visual scene performed the task significantly quicker and more efficiently than those who used a low fidelity scene. The performance differences among all the conditions decreased with practice, but the performance of the best VE group approached that of the real-world participants. These results indicate the importance of using high fidelity scenes in VEs, and suggest that the use of a simple control system is sufficient for maintaining one's spatial orientation during searching.

The Fully Developed Wake of a Circular Cylinder

1949 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Circular Cylinder ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Turbulent Transport ◽  
Turbulent Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Turbulent Fluid ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Scale Motion

Extending previous work on turbulent diffusion in the wake of a circular-cylinder, a series of measurements have been made of the turbulent transport of mean stream momentum, turbulent energy, and heat in the wake of a cylinder of 0.169 cm. diameter, placed in an air-stream of velocity 1280 cm. sec.-1. It has been possible to extend the measurements to 960 diameters down-stream from the cylinder, and it 1s found that, at distances in excess of 600 diameters, the requirements of dynamical similarity are very nearly satisfied. To account for the observed rates of transport of turbulent energy and heat, it is necessary that only part of this transport be due to bulk convection by the slow large-scale motion of the jets of turbulent fluid emitted by the central, fully turbulent core of the wake, which had been supposed previously to perform most of the transport. The remainder of the transport is carried out by the small-scale diffusive motion of the turbulent eddies within the jets, and may be described by assigning diffusion coefficients to the turbulent fluid. It is found that the diffusion coefficients for momentum and heat are approximately equal, but that for turbulent energy is considerably smaller. On the basis of these hypotheses, it is possible to calculate $he form of the mean velocity distribution in good agreement with experiment, and to give a qualitative explanation of the apparently more rapid diffusion of heat.

Bending tests for the structural safety assessment of space truss members

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 138-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bonopera ◽  
Kuo-Chun Chang ◽  
Chun-Chung Chen ◽  
Tzu-Kang Lin ◽  
Nerio Tullini
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Flexural Rigidity ◽  
Compressive Force ◽  
Scale Space ◽  
Transverse Load ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Beam Columns ◽  
Space Truss

This article compares two nondestructive static methods used for the axial load assessment in prismatic beam-columns of space trusses. Examples include the struts and ties or the tension chords and diagonal braces of steel pipe racks or roof trusses. The first method requires knowledge of the beam-column’s flexural rigidity under investigation, whereas the second requires knowledge of the corresponding Euler buckling load. In both procedures, short-term flexural displacements must be measured at the given cross sections along the beam-column under examination and subjected to an additional transverse load. The proposed methods were verified by numerical and laboratory tests on beams of a small-scale space truss prototype made from aluminum alloy and rigid connections. In general, if the higher second-order effects are induced during testing and the corresponding total displacements are accurately measured, it would be easy to obtain tensile and compressive force estimations.

Unsteady Streamwise Force Response of Airfoils due to Small-Scale Motion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Catlett ◽  
Jason M. Anderson ◽  
James Baeder
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Force Response ◽  
Scale Motion

Crack Expansion and Fracturing Mode of Hydraulic Refracturing from Acoustic Emission Monitoring in a Small-Scale Field Experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Ishida ◽  
Wataru Fujito ◽  
Hiroto Yamashita ◽  
Makoto Naoi ◽  
Hirokazu Fuji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Acoustic Emission Monitoring ◽  
Emission Monitoring ◽  
Scale Field

Turbulent spots in a channel: large-scale flow and self-sustainability

2013 ◽  
Vol 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégoire Lemoult ◽  
Jean-Luc Aider ◽  
José Eduardo Wesfreid
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Large Time ◽  
Rectangular Channel ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Turbulent Spot ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
Streamwise Streaks ◽  
Large Scale Flow ◽  
Scale Motion

AbstractUsing a large-time-resolved particle image velocimetry field of view, a developing turbulent spot is followed in space and time in a rectangular channel flow for more than 100 advective time units. We show that the flow can be decomposed into a large-scale motion consisting of an asymmetric quadrupole centred on the spot and a small-scale part consisting of streamwise streaks. From the temporal evolution of the energy of the streamwise and spanwise velocity perturbations, it is suggested that a self-sustaining process can occur in a turbulent spot above a given Reynolds number.

Egocentric Action in Early Infancy: Spatial Frames of Reference for Saccades

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick O. Gilmore ◽  
Mark H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Retinal Position ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Visually Guided Action ◽  
Spatial Frames Of Reference

The extent to which infants combine visual (i e, retinal position) and nonvisual (eye or head position) spatial information in planning saccades relates to the issue of what spatial frame or frames of reference influence early visually guided action We explored this question by testing infants from 4 to 6 months of age on the double-step saccade paradigm, which has shown that adults combine visual and eye position information into an egocentric (head- or trunk-centered) representation of saccade target locations In contrast, our results imply that infants depend on a simple retinocentric representation at age 4 months, but by 6 months use egocentric representations more often to control saccade planning Shifts in the representation of visual space for this simple sensorimotor behavior may index maturation in cortical circuitry devoted to visual spatial processing in general

Investigation of the unsteady responses of airfoils due to small-scale motion

2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (4) ◽  
pp. 2836-2836
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Catlett ◽  
Jason Anderson ◽  
James Baeder
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Motion
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