scholarly journals Unaware attitude formation in the surveillance task? Revisiting the findings of Moran et al. (2020)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedek Kurdi ◽  
Ian Hussey ◽  
Christoph Stahl ◽  
Sean Hughes ◽  
Christian Unkelbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Task Effect ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Learning Procedure

Moran et al. (2020) recently conducted a multi-lab registered replication of Olson and Fazio’s (2001) surveillance task study—an incidental learning procedure designed to establish evaluative conditioning (EC) effects in the absence of awareness. The potential for unaware attitude formation continues to fuel conceptual, theoretical, and applied developments. Yet, few published studies have used this task, and most are characterized by small samples and effect sizes. Perhaps most worryingly, the multi-lab replication effort yielded weak evidence for a surveillance task effect and thus for unaware EC. Here we re-examine Moran et al.’s (2020) data using more fine-grained analytic strategies. When subjected to Bayesian analyses, we did not find convincing evidence for unaware EC effects under any of Moran et al.’s exclusion criteria and obtained evidence against such effects in three of four models. A separate analysis that distinguished between fully aware, partially aware, and fully unaware participants found a non-significant EC effect in the fully unaware group. Finally, a meta-analysis using a stricter compound awareness criterion that prioritized sensitivity to awareness also yielded a non-significant and near-zero EC effect. Taken together, these reanalyses of the Moran et al. (2020) data suggest that unaware EC as indexed by the surveillance task has yet to be convincingly demonstrated.

scholarly journals Incidental Attitude Formation via the Surveillance Task: A Preregistered Replication of the Olson and Fazio (2001) Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 095679762096852
Author(s):  
Tal Moran ◽  
Sean Hughes ◽  
Ian Hussey ◽  
Miguel A. Vadillo ◽  
Michael A. Olson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Task Effect ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Conditioning Effect ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
Highly Cited

Evaluative conditioning is one of the most widely studied procedures for establishing and changing attitudes. The surveillance task is a highly cited evaluative-conditioning paradigm and one that is claimed to generate attitudes without awareness. The potential for evaluative-conditioning effects to occur without awareness continues to fuel conceptual, theoretical, and applied developments. Yet few published studies have used this task, and most are characterized by small samples and small effect sizes. We conducted a high-powered ( N = 1,478 adult participants), preregistered close replication of the original surveillance-task study (Olson & Fazio, 2001). We obtained evidence for a small evaluative-conditioning effect when “aware” participants were excluded using the original criterion—therefore replicating the original effect. However, no such effect emerged when three other awareness criteria were used. We suggest that there is a need for caution when using evidence from the surveillance-task effect to make theoretical and practical claims about “unaware” evaluative-conditioning effects.

An analysis of psychotherapy versus placebo studies

1983 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Prioleau ◽  
Martha Murdock ◽  
Nathan Brody
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Placebo Treatment ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Psychological Therapy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Zero Effect ◽  
Real Patients

AbstractSmith, Glass, and Miller (1980) have reported a meta-analysis of over 500 studies comparing some form of psychological therapy with a control condition. They report that when averaged over all dependent measures of outcome, psychological therapy is. 85 standard deviations better than the control treatment. We examined the subset of studies included in the Smith et al. metaanalysis that contained a psychotherapy and a placebo treatment. The median of the mean effect sizes for these 32 studies was. 15. There was a nonsignificant inverse relationship between mean outcome and the following: sample size, duration of therapy, use of measures of outcome other than undisguised self-report, measurement of outcome at follow-up, and use of real patients rather than subjects solicited for the purposes of participation in a research study. A qualitative analysis of the studies in terms of the type of patient involved indicates that those using psychiatric outpatients had essentially zero effect sizes and that none using psychiatric inpaticnts provide convincing evidence for psychotherapeutic effectiveness. The onty studies clearly demonstrating significant effects of psychotherapy were the ones that did not use real patients. For the most part, these studies involved small samples of subjects and brief treatments, occasionally described in quasibeliavioristic language. It was concluded that for real patients there is no evidence that the benefits of psychotherapy are greater than those of placebo treatment.

scholarly journals Incidental Attitude Formation via the Surveillance Task: A Registered Replication Report of Olson and Fazio (2001)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Moran ◽  
Sean Hughes ◽  
Ian Hussey ◽  
Miguel A. Vadillo ◽  
Michael A. Olson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Task Effect ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
Highly Cited

Evaluative conditioning (EC) is one of the most widely-studied procedures for establishing and changing attitudes. The surveillance-task (Olson & Fazio, 2001) is a highly cited EC paradigm, and one that is claimed to generate attitudes without awareness. The potential for EC effects to occur without awareness continues to fuel conceptual, theoretical, and applied developments. Yet few published studies have used this task, and most are characterized by small samples and small effect sizes. We conducted a high-powered (N = 1478 adult participants), preregistered close replication of the original surveillance-task study. We obtained evidence for a small EC effect when ‘aware’ participants were excluded using the original criterion – therefore replicating the original effect. However, no such effect emerged when three other awareness criteria were used. We suggest that there is a need for caution when using evidence from the surveillance task effect to make theoretical and practical claims about ‘unaware’ EC effects.

A comparative study of two interventions to support reading comprehension in primary-aged students

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sorrell ◽  
Gavin T.L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
English Learners ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Explicit Teaching

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the explicit teaching of information text schema with vocabulary instruction to primary-aged students in Hong Kong international education. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through three quasi-experimental studies with different age groups and participants. Each study divided participants into two randomly assigned groups, either informational texts (IT) or vocabulary building (VB). Impact was evaluated with gain scores on a standardized reading comprehension test and researcher-designed cloze tests of fiction and nonfiction passages. Findings The explicit teaching of IT can benefit student reading comprehension from an early age, particularly to first language (L1) English students and possibly second language (L2) English learners. School reading programmes should include opportunities for students to experience IT (nonfiction) and fiction materials, and build their vocabulary through incidental learning and explicit teaching. For IT, they should be exposed to: layout – e.g., headings, sub-headings, glossary, and index; and content – photographs and specific/technical vocabulary. For fiction-based texts and VB, the following themes should be covered by younger aged students: antonyms, synonyms, and affixes. Research limitations/implications Several limitations apply to this study which will need to be addressed in future studies. These include: the random sampling of students from the overall student population was not an option, given the necessity of voluntary participation and avoiding disruption to school routines. This study used meta-analysis to aggregate results across multiple comparisons largely because of the extremely small samples available. The data show large standard errors as a consequence of small numbers of participants. Hence, the current results, notwithstanding the power of meta-analysis, need to be validated with much larger samples in future studies. Originality/value This paper suggests that greater comprehension and cloze performance among L1 students was found due to the teaching of IT compared to vocabulary training, with the reverse result for L2 English learners.

Using Item-level Analyses to Better Understand the Consequences of Partialing Procedures: An Example Using the Dark Triad

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Vize ◽  
Katherine Collison ◽  
Donald Lynam ◽  
Josh Miller
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Research ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Residual Content ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Large N ◽  
Dirty Dozen ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Variable Content ◽  
Small N

Objective: Partialing procedures are frequently used in psychological research. The present study sought to further explore the consequences of partialing, focusing on the replicability of partialing-based results. Method: We used popular measures of the Dark Triad (DT; Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) to explore the replicability of partialing procedures. We examined whether the residual content of popular DT scales are similar to the residual content of DT scales derived from separate samples based on relations with individual items from the IPIP-NEO-120, allowing for a fine-grained analysis of residual variable content. Results: Profiles were compared using three sample sizes (Small N=156-157, Moderate N = 313-314, Large N = 627-628) randomly drawn from a large MTurk sample (N = 1,255). There was low convergence among original/residual DT scales within samples. Additionally, results showed the content of residual Dirty Dozen scales was not similar across samples. Similar results were found for Short Dark Triad-Machiavellianism, but only in the moderate and small samples. Conclusion: The results indicate that there are important issues that arise when using partialing procedures, including replicability issues surrounding residual variables. Reasons for the observed results are discussed and further research examining the replicability of residual-based results is recommended.

scholarly journals Transfer effects in auditory temporal preparation occur using an unfilled but not filled foreperiod

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199545
Author(s):  
Emily M Crowe ◽  
Sander A Los ◽  
Louise Schindler ◽  
Christopher Kent
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Temporal Preparation ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Current Block ◽  
Visual Domain ◽  
Multiple Trace Theory

How quickly participants respond to a “go” after a “warning” signal is partly determined by the time between the two signals (the foreperiod) and the distribution of foreperiods. According to Multiple Trace Theory of Temporal Preparation (MTP), participants use memory traces of previous foreperiods to prepare for the upcoming go signal. If the processes underlying temporal preparation reflect general encoding and memory principles, transfer effects (the carryover effect of a previous block’s distribution of foreperiods to the current block) should be observed regardless of the sensory modality in which signals are presented. Despite convincing evidence for transfer effects in the visual domain, only weak evidence for transfer effects has been documented in the auditory domain. Three experiments were conducted to examine whether such differences in results are due to the modality of the stimulus or other procedural factors. In each experiment, two groups of participants were exposed to different foreperiod distributions in the acquisition phase and to the same foreperiod distribution in the transfer phase. Experiment 1 used a choice-reaction time (RT) task, and the warning signal remained on until the go signal, but there was no evidence for transfer effects. Experiments 2 and 3 used a simple- and choice-RT task, respectively, and there was silence between the warning and go signals. Both experiments revealed evidence for transfer effects, which suggests that transfer effects are most evident when there is no auditory stimulation between the warning and go signals.

scholarly journals 165 A Review of The Current Literature on LMWH Administered at Different Times in Relation to MOS (Major Orthopaedic Surgery): Assessment of The Safety and Efficacy of The Different Proposed Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Placella ◽  
V Pace ◽  
P Antinolfi ◽  
V Salini
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Medical Complications ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Major Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
Major Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
The One

Abstract Nowadays venous VTE represents an important perioperative and postoperative complication in patients undergoing elective Major Orthopedic Surgery (MOS). There are significant discrepancies between clinical practice, international recommendations, and published guidelines. Although thromboembolic events may be less common these days than in the past, they can still lead to serious medical complications. Therefore, most patients undergoing MOS procedures are provided with one of the thromboprophylactic treatments. The optimum timing of LMWH administrations remains debated. Customized structured electronic searches in PubMed and Cochrane database. Meta-Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials, Systematic Reviews on different strategies of the use of LMWH for MOS. Studies on prophylactic regimens showed that subcutaneous LMWH plays a key role in the management of thromboprophylaxis in MOS. However, some controversies still stand. Among those most relevant, it remains unclear whether to start thromboprophylaxis before or after MOS to better balance the risks of clotting and bleeding. With regards to different times of LMWH administration, there is no convincing evidence that starting prophylaxis 12 hours preoperatively is associated with lower risks of VTE compared to prophylaxis started 12 to 24 hours postoperatively. Furthermore, it seems that the most safe and efficient LMWH regimen is the one called “Just-in-time” (LMWH started 6 hours post-op).

An updated look at the uneven distribution of cryptic diversity among parasitic helminths

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pérez-Ponce de León ◽  
R. Poulin
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Cryptic Diversity ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Parasitic Helminths

AbstractCryptic parasite diversity is a major issue for taxonomy and systematics, and for attempts to control diseases of humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Here, we re-examine an earlier report that, after correcting for sampling effort, more cryptic species of trematodes are found per published study than for other helminth taxa. We performed a meta-analysis of 110 studies that used DNA sequences to search for cryptic species in parasitic helminth taxa. After correcting for study effort and accounting for the biogeographical region of origins, we found that more cryptic species tend to be uncovered among trematodes, and fewer among cestodes and animal-parasitic nematodes, than in other helminth groups. However, this pattern was only apparent when we included only studies using nuclear markers in the analysis; it was not seen in a separate analysis based only on mitochondrial markers. We propose that the greater occurrence of cryptic diversity among trematodes may be due to some of their unique features, such as their mode of reproduction or frequent lack of hard morphological structures, or to the way in which trematode species are described. Whatever the reason, the high frequency of cryptic species among trematodes has huge implications for estimates of parasite diversity and for future taxonomic research.

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