scholarly journals Phonological precision for word recognition in skilled readers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Medhat Elsherif ◽  
Linda Wheeldon ◽  
Steven Frisson
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Lexical Competition ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Skilled Readers ◽  
Lexical Quality ◽  
Theories Of Reading

This study investigated individual differences in the neighbourhood density effect observed during the processing of written words. A masked priming experiment measured form priming for word and pseudoword targets from dense and sparse neighbourhoods in 84 university students. In addition, individual difference measures of language and cognitive processes were collected, and a principal component analysis was used to group these data into factors. We observed facilitatory form priming for words with a sparse neighbourhood and inhibitory form priming for words with a dense neighbourhood. A factor relating to phonological precision was positively related to priming effects for word targets with sparse neighbourhoods, but negatively related to priming effects for word targets with dense neighbourhoods. These results suggest that the component of phonological precision is linked to the inhibitory effects of lexical competition for word recognition. The implications for theories of reading skills, such as the Lexical Quality Hypothesis, are discussed.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Phonological precision for word recognition in skilled readers

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110463
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Elsherif ◽  
linda ruth wheeldon ◽  
Steven Frisson
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Semantic Coherence ◽  
Lexical Quality

According to the lexical quality hypothesis (Perfetti, 2007), differences in the orthographic, semantic, and phonological representations of words will affect individual reading performance. Whilst several studies have focused on orthographic precision and semantic coherence, few have considered phonological precision. The present study used a suite of individual difference measures to assess which components of lexical quality contributed to competition resolution in a masked priming experiment. The experiment measured form priming for word and pseudoword targets with dense and sparse neighbourhoods in 84 university students. Individual difference measures of language and cognitive skills were also collected and a principal component analysis was used to group these data into components. The data showed that phonological precision and NHD interacted with form priming. In participants with high phonological precision, the direction of priming for word targets with sparse neighbourhoods was facilitatory, while the direction for those with dense neighbourhoods was inhibitory. In contrast, people with low phonological precision showed the opposite pattern, but the interaction was non-significant. These results suggest that the component of phonological precision is linked to lexical competition for word recognition and that access to the mental lexicon during reading is affected by differing levels of phonological processing.

scholarly journals Effects of individual differences in lexical quality: Neighbourhood effects in naming

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Medhat Elsherif ◽  
Linda Wheeldon ◽  
Steven Frisson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Reading Skill ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Neighbourhood Effects ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Lexical Route ◽  
Lexical Quality

Two experiments investigated individual differences in the neighbourhood density effect shown during the production of written words and pseudowords. Word and pseudoword targets with dense and sparse neighbourhoods were used in a masked form priming experiment with 84 universitystudents. In addition, individual difference measures of language and cognitive processes were collected, and a principal component analysis was used to group these data into factors. Overall, we observed facilitatory form priming effects for word and pseudoword targets. However, the facilitatory form priming was larger for pseudoword targets and word targets with sparse neighbourhoods compared to those with dense neighbourhoods. Form priming of word targets was also affected by a factor linking to orthographic precision: For people with low orthographic precision, word targets with dense neighbourhoods preceded by word primes showed stronger facilitatory priming than those thatfollowed pseudoword primes. The opposite pattern was shown for word targets with sparse neighbourhoods. People with high orthographic precision only showed facilitatory priming. Facilitatory form priming for pseudoword targets preceded by pseudoword primes was smaller than for those that followed word primes in people with low orthographic precision. The opposite patternwas found for people with high orthographic precision. These results suggest that people with high orthographic precision rely more on the lexical route than the sublexical route and the opposite is the case for people with low orthographic precision. The implications for theories of masked priming in production and the Lexical Quality Hypothesis applied to reading skill are discussed.

The use of a rapid priming technique I: Adult language processing

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Chris Davis ◽  
Anne Castles
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Psycholinguistic Research ◽  
Skilled Readers ◽  
Priming Technique

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the background and use of the masked priming procedure in adult psycholinguistic research. Using this technique, we address the issue of how precise the letter and word processing systems of adults is for rapidly displayed stimuli. Data is reviewed that suggests that, for skilled readers, the letter and word recognition system is sensitively tuned to the discrimination demands imposed on it by the properties of the written language. That is, the recognition system is able to be discriminative where precision is required, but is also able to consider and use incomplete information when this is predictive.

scholarly journals Transposed-Letter Priming Effects for Close Versus Distant Transpositions

2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 384-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Perea ◽  
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia ◽  
Manuel Carreiras
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
Similar Item

Transposing two internal letters of a word produces a perceptually similar item (e.g., CHOLOCATE being processed as CHOCOLATE). To determine the precise nature of the encoding of letter position within a word, we examined the effect of the number of intervening letters in transposed-letter effects with a masked priming procedure. In Experiment 1, letter transposition could involve adjacent letters (chocloate-CHOCOLATE) and nonadjacent letters with two intervening letters (choaolcte-CHOCOLATE). Results showed that the magnitude of the transposed-letter priming effect – relative to the appropriate control condition – was greater when the transposition involved adjacent letters than when it involved nonadjacent letters. In Experiment 2, we included a letter transposition condition using nonadjacent letters with one intervening letter (cholocate-CHOCOLATE). Results showed that the transposed-letter priming effect was of the same size for nonadjacent transpositions that involved one or two intervening letters. In addition, transposed-letter priming effects were smaller in the two nonadjacent conditions than in the adjacent condition. We examine the implications of these findings for models of visual-word recognition.

Time course analyses of orthographic and phonological priming effects during word recognition in a transparent orthography

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 1925-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. T. Zeguers ◽  
P. Snellings ◽  
H. M. Huizenga ◽  
M. W. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Phonological Priming ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Transparent Orthography ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Orthographic Priming

In opaque orthographies, the activation of orthographic and phonological codes follows distinct time courses during visual word recognition. However, it is unclear how orthography and phonology are accessed in more transparent orthographies. Therefore, we conducted time course analyses of masked priming effects in the transparent Dutch orthography. The first study used targets with small phonological differences between phonological and orthographic primes, which are typical in transparent orthographies. Results showed consistent orthographic priming effects, yet phonological priming effects were absent. The second study explicitly manipulated the strength of the phonological difference and revealed that both orthographic and phonological priming effects became identifiable when phonological differences were strong enough. This suggests that, similar to opaque orthographies, strong phonological differences are a prerequisite to separate orthographic and phonological priming effects in transparent orthographies. Orthographic and phonological priming appeared to follow distinct time courses, with orthographic codes being quickly translated into phonological codes and phonology dominating the remainder of the lexical access phase.

scholarly journals Semantic priming effects can be modulated by crosslinguistic interactions during second-language auditory word recognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1082-1092
Author(s):  
Sara Guediche ◽  
Martijn Baart ◽  
Arthur G. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Auditory Word ◽  
Auditory Word Recognition ◽  
High Degree

AbstractThe current study investigates how second language auditory word recognition, in early and highly proficient Spanish–Basque (L1-L2) bilinguals, is influenced by crosslinguistic phonological-lexical interactions and semantic priming. Phonological overlap between a word and its translation equivalent (phonological cognate status), and semantic relatedness of a preceding prime were manipulated. Experiment 1 examined word recognition performance in noisy listening conditions that introduce a high degree of uncertainty, whereas Experiment 2 employed clear listening conditions, with low uncertainty. Under noisy listening conditions, semantic priming effects interacted with phonological cognate status: for word recognition accuracy, a related prime overcame inhibitory effects of phonological overlap between target words and their translations. These findings are consistent with models of bilingual word recognition that incorporate crosslinguistic phonological-lexical-semantic interactions. Moreover, they suggest an interplay between L2-L1 interactions and the integration of information across acoustic and semantic levels of processing in flexibly mapping the speech signal onto the spoken words, under adverse listening conditions.

Visual and Phonological Codes in Letter and Word Recognition: Evidence from Incremental Priming

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes C. Ziegler ◽  
Ludovic Ferrand ◽  
Arthur M. Jacobs ◽  
Arnaud Rey ◽  
Jonathan Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Prime Duration ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Word Priming ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Phonological Activation

Critical issues in letter and word priming were investigated using the novel incremental priming technique. This technique adds a parametric manipulation of prime duration (or prime intensity) to the traditional design of a fast masked priming study. By doing so, additional information on the time course and nature of priming effects can be obtained. In Experiment 1, cross-case letter priming (a-A) was investigated in both alphabetic decision (letter/non-letter classification) and letter naming. In Experiment 2, cross-case word priming was investigated in lexical decision and naming. Whereas letter priming in alphabetic decision was most strongly determined by visual overlap between prime and target, word priming in lexical decision was facilitated by both orthographic and phonological information. Orthographic activation was stronger and occurred earlier than phonological activation. In letter and word naming, in contrast, priming effects were most strongly determined by phonological/articulatory information. Differences and similarities between letter and word recognition are discussed in the light of the incremental priming data.

When Words Compete: Levels of Processing in Perception of Spoken Words

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Vitevitch ◽  
Paul A. Luce
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Nonsense Word ◽  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Lexical Competition ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Probabilistic Phonotactics ◽  
Lexical Effects

Current theories of spoken-word recognition posit two levels of representation and process: lexical and sublexical. By manipulating probabilistic phonotactics and similarity-neighborhood density, we attempted to determine if these two levels of representation have dissociable effects on processing. Whereas probabilistic phonotactics have been associated with facilitatory effects on recognition, increases in similarity-neighborhood density typically result in inhibitory effects on recognition arising from lexical competition. Our results demonstrated that when the lexical level is invoked using real words, competitive effects of neighborhood density are observed. However, when strong lexical effects are removed by the use of nonsense word stimuli, facilitatory effects of phonotactics emerge. These results are consistent with a two-level framework of process and representation embodied in certain current models of spoken-word recognition.

ERPs Reveal Relationships Between Neural Orthographic Priming Effects and Reading Skill

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne E. Welcome ◽  
Emma R. Trammel
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
University Students ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Orthographic Priming ◽  
Decoding Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Masked priming has long been used to demonstrate the impact of brief presentations of orthographically related stimuli on visual word recognition. The aim of the present study was to examine neural correlates of orthographic priming produced by pronounceable and unpronounceable anagram primes. Crucially, we examined relationships between these priming effects and individual differences on a battery of measures assessing orthographic processing ability, current reading ability, and verbal intelligence in university students. Our study demonstrated group-level priming effects on the N200 and N400, with both components being primarily modulated by unpronounceable, orthographically illegal primes. Relationships between the extent of priming as indexed by N200 amplitude and speed of orthographic processing emerged, as reaction time (RT) on an orthographic choice task was associated with priming effects. Priming effects on N400 amplitude were related to phonological decoding efficiency. Those individuals with less efficient orthographic or phonological processing were more sensitive to the orthographic relationship between primes and targets. These findings demonstrate that university students vary in their sensitivity to orthographic priming and the degree to which orthographic information is used during word recognition.

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