scholarly journals Finny Merchandise: The Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Trade in Gold Rush–Era San Francisco, California

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyler Conrad ◽  
Upuli DeSilva ◽  
Brittany Bingham ◽  
Brian Kemp ◽  
Kenneth W. Gobalet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Pacific Cod ◽  
Deep Waters

During California’s Gold Rush of 1849–1855, thousands of miners rushed to San Francisco, Sacramento, and elsewhere throughout northern California, creating a significant demand for food. Here we investigate the role of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Pacific cod (G. macrocephalus) during the Gold Rush era using historical records, ancient DNA, and vertebral morphology in the cod assemblage recovered from Thompson’s Cove (CA-SFR-186H), a Gold Rush–era site in San Francisco. From the 18 cod bones recovered from Thompson’s Cove, our analysis of five specimens for ancient DNA indicates that Atlantic cod were imported during the 1850s, likely as a (largely) deboned, dried and salted product from the East Coast of the United States. Curiously, while locally available in very deep waters off the California coast, Pacific cod were minimally fished during the 1850s and became abundantly available in the 1860s after an Alaska-based fishery developed.

scholarly journals The preservation of ancient DNA in archaeological fish bone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giada Ferrari ◽  
Angelica Cuevas ◽  
Agata T. Gondek-Wyrozemska ◽  
Rachel Ballantyne ◽  
Oliver Kersten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Fish Bone ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Library Preparation ◽  
Excavation Site ◽  
Bone Physiology

AbstractThe field of ancient DNA is taxonomically dominated by studies focusing on mammals. This taxonomic bias limits our understanding of endogenous DNA preservation for vertebrate taxa with different bone physiology, such as teleost fish. In contrast to most mammalian bone, teleost bone is typically brittle, porous, lightweight and is characterized by a lack of bone remodeling during growth. Using high-throughput shotgun sequencing, we here investigate the preservation of DNA in a range of different bone elements from over 200 archaeological Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) specimens from 38 sites in northern Europe, dating up to 8000 years before present. We observe that the majority of archaeological sites (79%) yield endogenous DNA, with 40% of sites providing samples that contain high levels (> 20%). Library preparation success and levels of endogenous DNA depend mainly on excavation site and pre-extraction laboratory treatment. The use of pre-extraction treatments lowers the rate of library success, although — if successful — the fraction of endogenous DNA can be improved by several orders of magnitude. This trade-off between library preparation success and levels of endogenous DNA allows for alternative extraction strategies depending on the requirements of down-stream analyses and research questions. Finally, we find that — in contrast to mammalian bones — different fish bone elements yield similar levels of endogenous DNA. Our results highlight the overall suitability of archaeological fish bone as a source for ancient DNA and provide novel evidence for a possible role of bone remodeling in the preservation of endogenous DNA across different classes of vertebrates.

scholarly journals Finny Merchandise: The Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Trade in Gold Rush–Era San Francisco, California

2021 ◽  
pp. 000-000
Author(s):  
Cyler Conrad ◽  
Upuli Desilva ◽  
Brittany Bingham ◽  
Brian M. Kemp ◽  
Kenneth W. Gobalet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Gold Rush

The Role of Circulating Catecholamines in the Ventilatory and Hypertensive Responses to Hypoxia in the Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)

1991 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1087-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kinkead ◽  
Regina Fritsche ◽  
Steve F. Perry ◽  
Stefan Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod

The role of spawning stock in formation of recruitment of northeast atlantic cod Gadus morhua

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Borisov ◽  
A. A. Elizarov ◽  
V. D. Nesterov
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Northeast Atlantic ◽  
Spawning Stock

Depth-dependent variation in condition and length-at-age of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1451-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
G A Chouinard ◽  
D P Swain
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
High Abundance ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Feeding Grounds

We describe depth-dependent variation in the condition and length-at-age of southern Gulf of St. Lawrence cod (Gadus morhua) on their feeding grounds in September 1971–2000. Bathymetric variation in condition appears to be linked to abundance. In periods of low abundance, condition was relatively uniform over shallow and intermediate depths (<100–125 m). During periods of high abundance, condition was highest in the shallowest waters and declined steadily as depth increased to 100 m. In all periods, condition was low in deep water. Bathymetric trends in length-at-age contrasted with those in condition. Length-at-age was high in the deep waters where condition was low. Length-at-age also tended to increase from minimum values at intermediate depths to high values in shallow waters. This tendency was most striking in the 1990s, a period when condition was uniform over this depth range. We discuss the ecological, bioenergetic, and sampling implications of these patterns.

Infection of Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) with Larvae and of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) with Adults of the Copepod, Lernaeocera branchialis, in and adjacent to the Newfoundland area, and Inferences Therefrom on Inshore–Offshore Migrations of Cod

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfred Templeman ◽  
V. M. Hodder ◽  
A. M. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Adult Parasite ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
The West ◽  
Cyclopterus Lumpus ◽  
Branchial Arches

The lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus, was found to be a common intermediate host of the larvae of the copepod, Lernaeocera branchialis, in the Newfoundland and neighboring areas. Large numbers of these larvae occurred on the gills of lumpfish from inshore Newfoundland areas from the latter half of June to the first half of August, whereas only minor infection was found in any month in offshore areas. Some larvae of the year reached the final or seventh stage on the intermediate host in May on the west coast of Newfoundland and in June on the east coast. By July on the west coast and early August on the east coast, this was by far the most numerous stage present. The larvae were attached mainly near the tips of the gill filaments. Most larvae were attached to the gills of the first two branchial arches, less to those of the third, and much less to those of the fourth. There were more larvae on the right than on the left gills. Infection of the final host Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), by stage-7 female L. branchialis was apparently mainly inshore.Adult L. branchialis on Atlantic cod, typically located near the anterior ventral apex of the branchial arches, were numerous throughout the year in the areas of high infection. Infection rates of cod with the adult parasite were usually considerably higher near the coast than farther offshore, the rates declining with distance from the coast. Rates of infection with the adult parasite usually increased from the smaller to intermediate cod lengths and declined rapidly at greater lengths. Infection rates were found useful as evidence of inshore and offshore migrations of cod. Infection with the copepod apparently delayed sexual maturity in cod. Most infected cod (86%) had one adult copepod and declining numbers (12–0.05%) possessed two to five adult copepods. The Greenland cod, G. ogac, was the only other fish of the area found to be highly infected with adult L. branchialis.

Molecular systematics of gadid fishes: implications for the biogeographic origins of Pacific species

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M Carr ◽  
David S Kivlichan ◽  
Pierre Pepin ◽  
Dorothy C Crutcher
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Pacific Basin ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Pacific Cod ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Phylogenetic Lineages ◽  
Pacific Species

Phylogenetic relationships among 14 species of gadid fishes were investigated with portions of two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes, a 401 base pair (bp) segment of the cytochrome b gene, and a 495 bp segment of the cytochrome oxidase I gene. The molecular data indicate that the three species of gadids endemic to the Pacific Basin represent simultaneous invasions by separate phylogenetic lineages. The Alaskan or walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) is about as closely related to the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as is the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), which suggests that T. chalcogramma and G. macrocephalus represent separate invasions of the Pacific Basin. The Pacific tomcod (Microgadus proximus) is more closely related to the Barents Sea navaga (Eleginus navaga) than to the congeneric Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod), which suggests that the Pacific species is derived from the Eleginus lineage and that Eleginus should be synonymized with Microgadus. Molecular divergences between each of the three endemic Pacific species and their respective closest relatives are similar and consistent with contemporaneous speciation events following the reopening of the Bering Strait ca. 3.0-3.5 million years BP. In contrast, the Greenland cod (Gadus ogac) and the Pacific cod have essentially identical mtDNA sequences; differences between them are less than those found within G. morhua. The Greenland cod appears to represent a contemporary northward and eastward range extension of the Pacific cod, and should be synonymized with it as G. macrocephalus.

The 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Elizabeth Hough ◽  
Roger G. Bilham
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Westward Expansion ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Collective Psyche ◽  
Large Earthquakes

By 1886 the population of the United States had grown to over 50 million people. Both the East Coast and the Midwest were by this time well populated with bustling towns and cities. Railroads had sprung up as well, greatly facilitating land travel, which in turn helped spark further migration and trade. The tide of westward expansion had long since steamrolled over whatever reservations the New Madrid earthquakes might have caused. By 1886 the gold rush was already several decades old, and San Francisco had grown into a lively urban center with a population of 35,000—about 5,000 more than the population of Chicago. A number of notable earthquakes had occurred in California by the end of the 19th century. While the massive Fort Tejon earthquake of 1857 occurred too early in the state’s history to leave a lasting impression on the collective psyche, large earthquakes along the eastern Sierras in 1872 and on the Hayward fault in 1872 had begun to suggest that California might be earthquake country. Still, as of the late 1800s people had nothing approaching a modern understanding of earthquakes—neither their underlying physical processes nor their fundamental characteristics. As the 19th century drew to a close, scientists did not have any way to gauge the overall size of an earthquake, for scales had been developed only to rank the severity of shaking from a particular earthquake at a particular location. Whereas scientists today can easily rank temblors in terms of their overall size, or energy release, in earlier times people could only gauge an earthquake’s overall effects, an assessment that can sometimes prove misleading. For example, the overall reach of earthquake shaking depends on the nature of the rocks through which the waves travel. As noted in chapter 5, waves travel especially efficiently in central and eastern North America, and especially inefficiently in California. Thus an earthquake of a given magnitude will pack a disproportionately heavy punch in the former region.

Peculiarities in ovarian structure leading to multiple-year delays in oogenesis and possible senescence in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1840-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick M Rideout ◽  
Margaret PM Burton
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Spawning Season ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Spawning Cycle ◽  
Ovarian Structure

Five specimens of female Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., four collected during regular surveys of the northwest Atlantic Ocean, had ovarian structures that suggested that multiple-year interruptions were occurring in the spawning cycle of these fish. One specimen was experiencing a minimal 2-year delay in its reproductive cycle because the ovary contained only oogonia, which would have had to mature before any spawning could occur. Two other specimens did not contain oogonia or perinucleolar-stage oocytes, suggesting that these ovaries were senescent. Another two ovaries, one removed from a broodstock female and one taken from a female collected off Newfoundland's east coast, contained large masses of resorbing hyaline oocytes, which would likely have impaired the normal release of hydrated oocytes in the next spawning season.

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