scholarly journals Mass at rest after quantum information

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Dinev Penchev
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Quantum System ◽  
Reference Frame ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Single Quantum ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Axiom Of Choice ◽  
The Big Bang

The way, in which quantum information can unify quantum mechanics (and therefore the Standard model) and general relativity, is investigated. Quantum information is defined as the generalization of the concept of information as to the choice among infinite sets of alternatives. Relevantly, the axiom of choice is necessary in general. The unit of quantum information, a qubit is interpreted as a relevant elementary choice among an infinite set of alternatives generalizing that of a bit. The invariance to the axiom of choice shared by quantum mechanics is introduced: It constitutes quantum information as the relation of any state unorderable in principle (e.g. any coherent quantum state before measurement) and the same state already well-ordered (e.g. the well-ordered statistical ensemble of the measurement of the quantum system at issue). This allows of equating the classical and quantum time correspondingly as the well-ordering of any physical quantity or quantities and their coherent superposition. That equating is interpretable as the isomorphism of Minkowski space and Hilbert space. Quantum information is the structure interpretable in both ways and thus underlying their unification. Its deformation is representable correspondingly as gravitation in the deformed pseudo-Riemannian space of general relativity and the entanglement of two or more quantum systems. The Standard model studies a single quantum system and thus privileges a single reference frame turning out to be inertial for the generalized symmetry U(1)XSU(2)XSU(3) “gauging” the Standard model. As the Standard model refers to a single quantum system, it is necessarily linear and thus the corresponding privileged reference frame is necessary inertial. The Higgs mechanism U(1) → U(1)XSU(2) confirmed enough already experimentally describes exactly the choice of the initial position of a privileged reference frame as the corresponding breaking of the symmetry. The Standard model defines ‘mass at rest’ linearly and absolutely, but general relativity non-linearly and relatively. The “Big Bang” hypothesis is additional interpreting that position as that of the “Big Bang”. It serves also in order to reconcile the linear Standard model in the singularity of the “Big Bang” with the observed nonlinearity of the further expansion of the universe described very well by general relativity. Quantum information links the Standard model and general relativity in another way by mediation of entanglement. The linearity and absoluteness of the former and the nonlinearity and relativeness of the latter can be considered as the relation of a whole and the same whole divided into parts entangled in general

scholarly journals The Symmetries of Quantum and Classical Information. The Ressurected “Ether" of Quantum Information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Penchev
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Reference Frame ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Principle Of Relativity ◽  
Elementary Wave ◽  
The Standard Model

The paper considers the symmetries of a bit of information corresponding to one, two or three qubits of quantum information and identifiable as the three basic symmetries of the Standard model, U(1), SU(2), and SU(3) accordingly. They refer to “empty qubits” (or the free variable of quantum information), i.e. those in which no point is chosen (recorded). The choice of a certain point violates those symmetries. It can be represented furthermore as the choice of a privileged reference frame (e.g. that of the Big Bang), which can be described exhaustively by means of 16 numbers (4 for position, 4 for velocity, and 8 for acceleration) independently of time, but in space-time continuum, and still one, 17th number is necessary for the mass of rest of the observer in it. The same 17 numbers describing exhaustively a privileged reference frame thus granted to be “zero”, respectively a certain violation of all the three symmetries of the Standard model or the “record” in a qubit in general, can be represented as 17 elementary wave functions (or classes of wave functions) after the bijection of natural and transfinite natural (ordinal) numbers in Hilbert arithmetic and further identified as those corresponding to the 17 elementary of particles of the Standard model. Two generalizations of the relevant concepts of general relativity are introduced: (1) “discrete reference frame” to the class of all arbitrarily accelerated reference frame constituting a smooth manifold; (2) a still more general principle of relativity to the general principle of relativity, and meaning the conservation of quantum information as to all discrete reference frames as to the smooth manifold of all reference frames of general relativity. Then, the bijective transition from an accelerated reference frame to the 17 elementary wave functions of the Standard model can be interpreted by the still more general principle of relativity as the equivalent redescription of a privileged reference frame: smooth into a discrete one. The conservation of quantum information related to the generalization of the concept of reference frame can be interpreted as restoring the concept of the ether, an absolutely immovable medium and reference frame in Newtonian mechanics, to which the relative motion can be interpreted as an absolute one, or logically: the relations, as properties. The new ether is to consist of qubits (or quantum information). One can track the conceptual pathway of the “ether” from Newtonian mechanics via special relativity, via general relativity, via quantum mechanics to the theory of quantum information (or “quantum mechanics and information”). The identification of entanglement and gravity can be considered also as a ‘byproduct” implied by the transition from the smooth “ether of special and general relativity’ to the “flat” ether of quantum mechanics and information. The qubit ether is out of the “temporal screen” in general and is depicted on it as both matter and energy, both dark and visible.

scholarly journals Relativistic Cosmology with an Introduction to Inflation

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zahid Mughal ◽  
Iftikhar Ahmad ◽  
Juan Luis García Guirao
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Relativistic Cosmology ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Big Bang Model ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

In this review article, the study of the development of relativistic cosmology and the introduction of inflation in it as an exponentially expanding early phase of the universe is carried out. We study the properties of the standard cosmological model developed in the framework of relativistic cosmology and the geometric structure of spacetime connected coherently with it. The geometric properties of space and spacetime ingrained into the standard model of cosmology are investigated in addition. The big bang model of the beginning of the universe is based on the standard model which succumbed to failure in explaining the flatness and the large-scale homogeneity of the universe as demonstrated by observational evidence. These cosmological problems were resolved by introducing a brief acceleratedly expanding phase in the very early universe known as inflation. The cosmic inflation by setting the initial conditions of the standard big bang model resolves these problems of the theory. We discuss how the inflationary paradigm solves these problems by proposing the fast expansion period in the early universe. Further inflation and dark energy in fR modified gravity are also reviewed.

scholarly journals The H0 Key Project: Cepheids in NGC925, M101 and M100

1995 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
S. M. G. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Hubble Space Telescope ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Distance Scale ◽  
Space Telescope ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Age Of The Universe ◽  
Extragalactic Distance Scale ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

AbstractAs part of the Extragalactic Distance Scale Key Project, the Hubble Space Telescope has been used to identify Cepheids in M100, M101 and NGC925, and to measure distances derived from the Cepheid PL relation. For M100, the distance of 17.1 ± 1.8 Mpc has been used to infer a preliminary value for H0 of ~ 80 km/s/Mpc, which brings the age of the Universe derived from the standard model of the Big Bang into conflict with the ages of the oldest stars.

The Chemistry of Love and Strife

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Demetris Nicolaides
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Constant Change ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Opposite Action ◽  
Simple Question ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Big Bang

Empedocles managed to reconcile the antinomies between the Heraclitean becoming (the constant change) and the Parmenidean Being (the constancy) by introducing four unchangeable primary substances of matter: earth, water, air, and fire, later called elements, and two types of forces, love and strife. Change was produced when the opposite action of the forces mixed and separated the unchangeable elements in many different ways, an idea in basic agreement with modern chemistry or, more fundamentally, with the standard model of particle physics. Everlasting cosmological cycles, described in his unique cosmology, could have addressed successfully the deceptively simple question, Why is the sky dark at night? (known as Olbers’s paradox), before the cosmology of the big bang had it figured out in the twentieth century. Four primary substances of matter for Empedocles, but infinitely many for the mind of Anaxagoras, and everything is in everything.

scholarly journals Thermodynamics of the $$R_{\mathrm{h}}=ct$$ Universe: a simplification of cosmic entropy

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulvio Melia
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Arrow Of Time ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Low Entropy ◽  
The Universe

AbstractIn the standard model of cosmology, the Universe began its expansion with an anomalously low entropy, which then grew dramatically to much larger values consistent with the physical conditions at decoupling, roughly 380,000 years after the Big Bang. There does not appear to be a viable explanation for this ‘unnatural’ history, other than via the generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSL), in which the entropy of the bulk, $$S_\mathrm{bulk}$$ S bulk , is combined with the entropy of the apparent (or gravitational) horizon, $$S_{\mathrm{h}}$$ S h . This is not completely satisfactory either, however, since this approach seems to require an inexplicable equilibrium between the bulk and horizon temperatures. In this paper, we explore the thermodynamics of an alternative cosmology known as the $$R_{\mathrm{h}}=ct$$ R h = c t universe, which has thus far been highly successful in resolving many other problems or inconsistencies in $$\varLambda $$ Λ CDM. We find that $$S_{\mathrm{bulk}}$$ S bulk is constant in this model, eliminating the so-called initial entropy problem simply and elegantly. The GSL may still be relevant, however, principally in selecting the arrow of time, given that $$S_{\mathrm{h}}\propto t^2$$ S h ∝ t 2 in this model.

scholarly journals Relativistic Cosmology with an Introduction to Inflation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zahid Mughal ◽  
Iftikhar Ahmad ◽  
Juan Luis GARCÍA GUIRAO
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Relativistic Cosmology ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Big Bang Model ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

In this review article the study of the development of relativistic cosmology and introduction of inflation in it is carried out. We study the properties of standard cosmological model developed in the framework of relativistic cosmology and the geometric structure of spacetime connected coherently with it. We examine the geometric properties of space and spacetime ingrained into the standard model of cosmology. The big bang model of the beginning of the universe is based on the standard model which succumbed to failure in explaining the flatness and the large-scale homogeneity of the universe as demonstrated by observational evidence. These cosmological problems were resolved by introducing a brief acceleratedly expanding phase in the very early universe known as inflation. Cosmic inflation by setting the initial conditions of the standard big bang model resolves these problems of the theory. We discuss how the inflationary paradigm solves these problems by proposing the fast expansion period in the early universe.

scholarly journals The homeomorphism of Minkowski space and the separable complex Hilbert space: the physical, mathematical and philosophical interpretations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
Minkowski Space ◽  
Reference Frame ◽  
Riemannian Space ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space ◽  
Axiom Of Choice ◽  
The Axiom Of Choice

A homeomorphism is built between the separable complex Hilbert space and Minkowski space by meditation of quantum information. That homeomorphism can be interpreted physically as the invariance to a reference frame within a system and its unambiguous counterpart out of the system. The same idea can be applied to Poincaré’s conjecture hinting at another way for proving it, more concise and meaningful physically. Furthermore, the conjecture can be generalized and interpreted in relation to the pseudo-Riemannian space of general relativity therefore allowing for both mathematical and philosophical interpretations of the force of gravitation due to the mismatch of choice and ordering. Mathematically, that homeomorphism means the invariance to choice, the axiom of choice, well-ordering, and well-ordering “theorem” and can be defined generally as “information invariance”. Philosophically, the same homeomorphism implies transcendentalism The fundamental concepts of “choice”, “ordering” and “information” unify physics, mathematics, and philosophy.

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