Impacts of California Proposition 47 on Crime in Santa Monica, CA

We examine crime patterns in Santa Monica, California before and after passage of Proposition 47, a 2014 initiative that reclassified some non-violent felonies to misdemeanors. We also study how the 2016 opening of four new light rail stations, and how more community-based policing starting in late 2018, impacted crime. A series of statistical analyses are performed on reclassified (larceny, fraud, possession of narcotics, forgery, receiving/possessing stolen property) and non-reclassified crimes by probing publicly available databases from 2006 to 2019. We compare data before and after passage of Proposition 47, city-wide and within eight neighborhoods. Similar analyses are conducted within a 450 meter radius of the new transit stations. Reports of monthly reclassified crimes increased city-wide by approximately 15% after enactment of Proposition 47, with a significant drop observed in late 2018. Downtown exhibited the largest overall surge. The reported incidence of larceny intensified throughout the city. Two new train stations, including Downtown, reported significant crime increases in their vicinity after service began. While the number of reported reclassified crimes increased after passage of Proposition 47, those not affected by the new law decreased or stayed constant, suggesting that Proposition 47 strongly impacted crime in Santa Monica. Reported crimes decreased in late 2018 concurrent with the adoption of new policing measures that enhanced outreach and patrolling. These findings may be relevant to law enforcement and policy-makers. Follow-up studies needed to confirm long-term trends may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic that drastically changed societal conditions.

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Impacts of California Proposition 47 on crime in Santa Monica, California

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0251199 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. e0251199

Author(s):

Jennifer Crodelle ◽

Celeste Vallejo ◽

Markus Schmidtchen ◽

Chad M. Topaz ◽

Maria R. D’Orsogna

Keyword(s):

Public Utility ◽

Light Rail ◽

Community Based ◽

Significant Drop ◽

Santa Monica ◽

Before And After ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

Reported Crime ◽

New Community

We examine patterns of reported crime in Santa Monica, California before and after the passage of Proposition 47, a 2014 initiative that reclassified some non-violent felonies as misdemeanors. We also investigate impacts of the opening of four new light rail stations in 2016 and of increased community-based policing starting in late 2018. Our statistical analyses of reclassified crimes—larceny, fraud, possession of narcotics, forgery, receiving/possessing stolen property—and non-reclassified ones are based on publicly available reported crime data from 2006 to 2019. These analyses examine reported crime at various levels: city-wide, within eight neighborhoods, and within a 450-meter radius of the new transit stations. Monthly reported reclassified crimes increased city-wide by approximately 15% after enactment of Proposition 47, with a significant drop observed in late 2018. Downtown exhibited the largest overall surge. Reported non-reclassified crimes fell overall by approximately 9%. Areas surrounding two new train stations, including Downtown, saw significant increases in reported crime after train service began. While reported reclassified crimes increased after passage of Proposition 47, non-reclassified crimes, for the most part, decreased or stayed constant, suggesting that Proposition 47 may have impacted reported crime in Santa Monica. Reported crimes decreased in late 2018 concurrent with the adoption of new community-based policing measures. Follow-up studies needed to confirm long-term trends may be challenging due to the COVID-19 pandemic that drastically changed societal conditions. While our research detects changes in reported crime, it does not provide causative explanations. Our work, along with other considerations relevant to public utility, respect for human rights, and existence of socioeconomic disparities, may be useful to law enforcement and policymakers to assess the overall effect of Proposition 47.

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Advice to policy-makers for improving services to the drug-death bereaved

Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ◽

10.1177/14550725211018333 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 145507252110183

Author(s):

Svanaug Fjær ◽

Kari Dyregrov

Keyword(s):

Psychosocial Support ◽

Survey Questionnaire ◽

National Guidelines ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Before And After ◽

Term Basis ◽

Drug Death ◽

Drug Problems

Aims: The objective of this study is to contribute to an improvement of bereavement services and experiences for the bereaved after drug-related deaths (DRDs) by investigating their expressed opinions on what would constitute improvements. Methods: As part of a larger survey questionnaire, we asked people bereaved by DRDs what advice they would give to politicians to improve bereavement services. Out of 255 respondents, we received 196 written statements of advice, 83 focusing on the time after death. Two-thirds of these respondents were either parents or siblings, the other third were other family members or close friends. A thematic analysis was conducted to examine the written statements. Results: We found four central themes: broad-spectrum help, routinised help, respectful help and competent help. The advice represents a long list of psychosocial support to ideally be offered on a regular and long-term basis. Furthermore, the bereaved also discussed the cognitive and normative side of the services by including considerations about stigma and respect, and the need for more research- and experience-based knowledge about their experiences both before and after DRDs. Conclusions: Many of the services sought by the bereaved are already in place and described in national guidelines for follow-up strategies after sudden unexpected deaths. DRDs, however, has not been included as a task for the services and are not explicitly mentioned in these guidelines. The scope of research and policymaking on drug problems and DRDs should be broadened to include families and social networks in order to make the group more visible and strengthen their influence on policy.

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Map Room

California History ◽

10.1525/ch.2014.91.4.4 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 91 (4) ◽

pp. 4-5

Author(s):

Natale Zappia

Keyword(s):

Popular Culture ◽

Los Angeles ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Complex Series ◽

Santa Monica ◽

Los Angeles River ◽

Before And After ◽

West Los Angeles ◽

The City

In the minds of Californians, then, Mulholland’s aqueduct represents a historical pivot; a before-and-after event when farmers lost and the city won; a moment when Los Angeles began to soak the desert with water and populate it with people. The idea that the city is an actual desert disguised by uninhibited water theft has permeated the minds of policy makers and popular culture (i.e. “Chinatown”) for so long that it is hard to rectify the map above with the “genesis myth” of the Owens River Aqueduct. Yet, in the minds of engineers in 1888 (when the population of Los Angeles stood at around 50,000—roughly half the size of Santa Monica today), Los Angeles—particularly West Los Angeles, was anything but a parched landscape. This map, in fact, reveals an incredibly complex series of patchworks containing irrigation lines (both newly constructed and older Rancho era Zanjas), “moist areas,” pipelines, washes, creeks, streams, swamps, rivers, canals, wells, and of course, the large and still wild Los Angeles River.

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Endoscopically controlled surgery with open hemilaminectomy for the treatment of intradural extramedullary tumors: an operative technique and short-term outcomes of 20 consecutive cases

Chinese Neurosurgical Journal ◽

10.1186/s41016-020-00222-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaorong Yan ◽

Huiqing Wang ◽

Cai Li ◽

Yuanxiang Lin ◽

Lin Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surgical Technique ◽

Spinal Deformity ◽

Tumor Recurrence ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Short Term ◽

Before And After ◽

Intradural Extramedullary ◽

Controlled Surgery

Abstract Background To present a surgical technique for the treatment of intradural extramedullary (IDEM) tumors by using endoscopically controlled surgery with open hemilaminectomy technique. Methods In this study, 20 patients with 22 IDEM tumors were enrolled. An endoscopically controlled surgery with open hemilaminectomy was employed to remove the tumors. Data related to clinical symptoms and medical images before and after surgery were collected for perioperative evaluation and follow-up analysis. Results All the tumors in 20 patients were well removed. The clinical symptoms were significantly reduced in all the patients as well. The short-term follow-up data showed that there was no tumor recurrence or spinal deformity. Conclusion The endoscopically controlled surgery with open hemilaminectomy technique provided favorable exposure and satisfactory resection to the IDEM tumors. It may be an effective surgical method for treating IDEM tumors. Larger samples and longer follow-up data are needed to verify its long-term effectiveness.

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Long-term trajectories of decline in cognition and daily functioning before and after stroke

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/jnnp-2021-326043 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. jnnp-2021-326043

Author(s):

Alis Heshmatollah ◽

Lisanne J. Dommershuijsen ◽

Lana Fani ◽

Peter J. Koudstaal ◽

M. Arfan Ikram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Continuous Monitoring ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Functional Decline ◽

Population Based ◽

Daily Functioning ◽

Linear Mixed Effects ◽

Before And After ◽

State Examination

ObjectiveAlthough knowledge on poststroke cognitive and functional decline is increasing, little is known about the possible decline of these functions before stroke. We determined the long-term trajectories of cognition and daily functioning before and after stroke.MethodsBetween 1990 and 2016, we repeatedly assessed cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 15-Word Learning, Letter–Digit Substitution, Stroop, Verbal Fluency, Purdue Pegboard) and basic and instrumental activities of daily living (BADL and IADL) in 14 712 participants within the population-based Rotterdam Study. Incident stroke was assessed through continuous monitoring of medical records until 2018. We matched participants with incident stroke to stroke-free participants (1:3) based on sex and birth year. Trajectories of cognition and daily functioning of patients who had a stroke 10 years before and 10 years after stroke and the corresponding trajectories of stroke-free individuals were constructed using adjusted linear mixed effects models.ResultsDuring a mean follow-up of 12.5±6.8 years, a total of 1662 participants suffered a first-ever stroke. Patients who had a stroke deviated from stroke-free controls up to 10 years before stroke diagnosis in cognition and daily functioning. Significant deviations before stroke were seen in scores of MMSE (6.4 years), Stroop (5.7 years), Purdue Pegboard (3.8 years) and BADL and IADL (2.2 and 3.0 years, respectively).ConclusionPatients who had a stroke have steeper declines in cognition and daily functioning up to 10 years before their first-ever stroke compared with stroke-free individuals. Our findings suggest that accumulating intracerebral pathology already has a clinical impact before stroke.

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Follow-up services for delirium after COVID-19—where now?

Age and Ageing ◽

10.1093/ageing/afab014 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shibley Rahman ◽

Kit Byatt

Keyword(s):

Service Utilisation ◽

Sustainable Business ◽

Community Based ◽

Care And Support ◽

Early Supported Discharge ◽

Business Cases ◽

Older Inpatients ◽

The Impact

Abstract Delirium is a common presentation in older inpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and a risk factor for cognitive decline at discharge. The glaring gaps in the service provision in delirium care, regardless of aetiology, after a hospital admission pre-existed the pandemic, but the pandemic arguably offers an opportunity now to address them. Whilst a delirium episode in itself is not a long-term condition, the context of it may well be, and therefore patients might benefit from personalised care and support planning. There is no reason to believe that the delirium following COVID-19 is fundamentally different from any other delirium. We propose that the needs of older patients who have experienced delirium including from COVID-19 could be addressed through a new model of post-acute delirium care that combines early supported discharge, including discharge-to-assess, with community-based follow-up to assess for persistent delirium and early new long-term cognitive impairment. Such a drive could be structurally integrated with existing memory clinic services. To succeed, such an ambition has to be flexible, adaptable and person-centred. To understand the impact on resource and service utilisation, techniques of quality improvement should be implemented, and appropriate metrics reflecting both process and outcome will be essential to underpin robust and sustainable business cases to support implementation of delirium care as a long-term solution.

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Influences of Central Bouquet Alterations on the Visual Outcome in Eyes Receiving Epiretinal Membrane Surgery

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11030926 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 926

Author(s):

Max Philipp Brinkmann ◽

Stephan Michels ◽

Carolin Brinkmann ◽

Mario Damiano Toro ◽

Nicole Graf Johansen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Outcome ◽

Functional Results ◽

Internal Limiting Membrane ◽

Ilm Peeling ◽

Epiretinal Membranes ◽

Staging Systems ◽

Before And After ◽

Pars Plana

Background: Previous studies have shown that epiretinal membranes (ERMs) may be associated with abnormal outer retinal anatomy. However, long-term morphological and functional results of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with ERM and internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in eyes with central bouquet (CB) alterations have not yet been investigated. Methods: In a retrospective, consecutive study all patients underwent best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) testing and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) before and after a mean of 20 months (range 3–70 months) postoperatively. CB abnormalities and ERMs were classified according to Govetto’s staging systems. Results: Of the 67 eyes, 22 (34%) showed CB abnormalities at baseline. The mean BCVA increased from 0.42 at baseline to 0.20 LogMAR at final follow-up (p < 0.001). Neither ERM stage (p = 0.06) nor CB stage (p = 0.939) at baseline were significant predictors of vision improvement following surgery. Conclusions: Our results show that baseline BCVA, but not classification of CB changes and ERM at baseline, seems to be a useful predictor for functional outcomes following PPV with ERM and ILM peeling in the long-term.

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The Long-Term Effects of Grief on Marital Intimacy following an Infant's Death

OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying ◽

10.2190/t2c9-fklk-0r4f-2vmb ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 1-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Laurie N. Gottlieb ◽

Ariella Lang ◽

Rhonda Amsel

Keyword(s):

Home Visit ◽

Sexual Intimacy ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Emotional Intimacy ◽

Significant Drop ◽

Marital Intimacy ◽

Grief Responses ◽

Changes Over Time

This follow-up study examined how marital intimacy changes over time in bereaved couples and how their marriages are affected by the death of their infant. A group of thirty-one bereaved couples who two to four years earlier had lost an infant (> 20 weeks gestation and < 1 year of age) were revisited in their home twenty-four months after the initial home visit. Couples did report a significant drop in sexual intimacy at follow-up compared to before the loss and at the initial home visit. Moreover, wives reported less emotional intimacy overall, than did their husbands. In contrast to wives whose own initial grief responses predicted their feelings about their marriages two years later, intensity of husband's initial grief response did not affect their relationship with their wives but, rather a more powerful predictor was their wives' initial reactions, the early state of their marriage (whether they had considered separating), and whether or not they had warning of the impending death. Finally, there is some evidence that women are affected in part, by their husbands' grief.

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Endoscopically-controlled surgery with open hemi-laminectomy for the treatment of intradural extramedullary tumors: An operative technique and short-term outcomes of 20 consecutive cases

10.21203/rs.3.rs-28089/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaorong Yan ◽

Huiqing Wang ◽

Cai Li ◽

Yuanxiang Lin ◽

Lin Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surgical Technique ◽

Spinal Deformity ◽

Tumor Recurrence ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Short Term ◽

Before And After ◽

Intradural Extramedullary ◽

Controlled Surgery

Abstract Background To present a surgical technique for the treatment of intradural extramedullary (IDEM) tumors by using endoscopically-controlled surgery with open hemi-laminectomy technique. Methods In this study, 20 patients with 22 IDEM tumors were enrolled. An endoscopically-controlled surgery with open hemi-laminectomy was employed to remove the tumors. Data related to clinical symptoms and medical images before and after surgery were collected for perioperative evaluation and follow-up analysis. Results All the tumors in 20 patients were well removed. The clinical symptoms were significantly reduced in all the patients as well. The short term follow-up data showed that there was no tumor recurrence or spinal deformity. Conclusion The endoscopically-controlled surgery with open hemi-laminectomy technique provided favorable exposure and satisfactory resection to the IDEM tumors. It may be an effective surgical method for treating IDEM tumors. Larger samples and longer follow-up data are needed to verify its long-term effectiveness.

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Long-Term Trends in Small Mammals on a Right-of-Way in Pennsylvania, U.S.

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2007.016 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 147-152

Author(s):

Richard Yahner ◽

Russell Hutnik

Keyword(s):

Small Mammals ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Common Species ◽

The State ◽

Mammal Species ◽

Right Of Way ◽

Live Trapping ◽

Long Term Trends

The State Game Lands 33 Research and Demonstration Area, Centre County, Pennsylvania, U.S., has been studied since 1953 with the objective of comparing the effectiveness of commonly used mechanical and herbicidal maintenance treatments on vegetation and wildlife on a right-of-way (ROW). Small mammals are important wildlife species on a ROW by consuming tree seeds, thereby reducing invasion of undesirable tree species, and these mammals are important components of a healthy ecosystem. As a follow up to a 2-year study of small mammals conducted 15 years earlier (1989 to 1990) on the State Game Lands 33 ROW, we initiated a 2-year live-trapping study in 2004 on small mammal populations on this ROW. The objectives of our study were to determine relative abundance and species richness (number of species) in six major cover types and in the adjacent forest. One hundred twenty-one individuals of eight species were observed in 2004 and 2005 combined; the most common species was the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). One of the most important cover types to small mammals on the ROW was forb-grass, whereas the forest cover type tended to be less diverse in terms of number of mammal species than in cover types on the ROW.

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