scholarly journals The status of development of nanoparticle-based swine influenza vaccines: A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Uddab Poudel ◽  
Saurav Pantha ◽  
Krishna Kaphle
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
The Status ◽  
Swine Disease

Background Swine are the most important meat animal, famous for white meat, which are prepared as ham, bacon, gammon, sausages and pork. Swine are valuable animals and they are physiologically, immunologically and anatomically similar to humans and their organ can be transplanted to the humans. Due to modernization, the cultural food restriction has lost in the people of urban communities and among the younger generations in Nepal. Gradually changing feeding habit of Nepalese has proven pork to be a useful addition to the food menu. Not only 8.7 lakhs swine in Nepal but the global pig population which occupy 769.05 million are suffering every day from new challenges and threats from very harmful pathogens and diseases like swine dysentery, coccidiosis, swine influenza, etc. Swine influenza is highly contagious rapidly spreading zoonotic viral disease of pigs characterized by febrile respiratory disease often complicated with secondary bacterial infections. Vaccines are only tool for prophylactic measures. There is big challenge for vaccine researchers, manufacturers and scientists for development of effective vaccine regarding swine influenza. Currently available flu vaccines are capable of homologous protection of virus but fail to induce cross protection against frequently evolving heterologous viruses. In this review, we discuss the status of novel nanoparticle-based approach of swine influenza virus vaccine development contributed significantly by Nepalese scientist and the future directions to control this economically important swine disease.

Swine influenza virus vaccine: potentiation of antibody responses in rhesus monkeys

Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 197 (4310) ◽  
pp. 1289-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Stephen ◽  
D. Hilmas ◽  
J. Mangiafico ◽  
H. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Responses

scholarly journals Sexually Transmitted Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections—Update on Drug Treatment and Vaccine Development

Medicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Amber Jefferson ◽  
Amanda Smith ◽  
Pius S. Fasinu ◽  
Dorothea K. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Target Identification ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Successful Vaccine ◽  
Future Success ◽  
The Status

Background: Sexually transmitted gonorrhea, caused by the Gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria gonorrhoeae, continues to be a serious global health challenge despite efforts to eradicate it. Multidrug resistance among clinical N. gonorrhoeae isolates has limited treatment options, and attempts to develop vaccines have not been successful. Methods: A search of published literature was conducted, and information extracted to provide an update on the status of therapeutics and vaccine development for gonorrheal infection. Results: Recommended pharmacological treatment for gonorrhea has changed multiple times due to increasing acquisition of resistance to existing antibiotics by N. gonorrhoeae. Only broad-spectrum cephalosporin-based combination therapies are currently recommended for treatment of uncomplicated urogenital and anorectal gonococcal infections. With the reported emergence of ceftriaxone resistance, successful strategies addressing the global burden of gonorrhea must include vaccination. Century-old efforts at developing an effective vaccine against gonorrhea, leading to only four clinical trials, have not yielded any successful vaccine. Conclusions: While it is important to continue to explore new drugs for the treatment of gonorrhea, the historical trend of resistance acquisition suggests that any long-term strategy should include vaccine development. Advanced technologies in proteomics and in silico approaches to vaccine target identification may provide templates for future success.

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an elastase-dependent live attenuated swine influenza virus vaccine administered intranasally in pigs

Vaccine ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (43) ◽  
pp. 7098-7108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Masic ◽  
Xinya Lu ◽  
Junwei Li ◽  
George K. Mutwiri ◽  
Lorne A. Babiuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine

scholarly journals The Next Generation of Influenza Vaccines: Towards a Universal Solution

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Christopher L.D. McMillan ◽  
Paul R. Young ◽  
Daniel Watterson ◽  
Keith J. Chappell
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Virus Surface ◽  
Variable Head ◽  
Hemagglutinin Protein

Influenza viruses remain a constant burden in humans, causing millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Current influenza virus vaccine modalities primarily induce antibodies directed towards the highly variable head domain of the hemagglutinin protein on the virus surface. Such antibodies are often strain-specific, meaning limited cross-protection against divergent influenza viruses is induced, resulting in poor vaccine efficacy. To attempt to counteract this, yearly influenza vaccination with updated formulations containing antigens from more recently circulating viruses is required. This is an expensive and time-consuming exercise, and the constant arms race between host immunity and virus evolution presents an ongoing challenge for effective vaccine development. Furthermore, there exists the constant pandemic threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses with high fatality rates (~30–50%) or the emergence of new, pathogenic reassortants. Current vaccines would likely offer little to no protection from such viruses in the event of an epidemic or pandemic. This highlights the urgent need for improved influenza virus vaccines capable of providing long-lasting, robust protection from both seasonal influenza virus infections as well as potential pandemic threats. In this narrative review, we examine the next generation of influenza virus vaccines for human use and the steps being taken to achieve universal protection.

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