scholarly journals Review on Plant Diversity Status and Conservation Practices in Nepal

Patan Pragya ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Sudha Joshi Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
Natural Habitats

Plant diversity plays the crucial role in maintaining the ecosystem and sustaining the life in the globe. Nepal lying in central Himalaya and at the crossroad of two phytogeographicregionsisbestowed with rich biodiversity. Though the country occupies about 0.1% of global land area but comprises 3.2% of world’s known flora. Biodiversity is eroding because of many factors such as habitat loss, deforestation, infrastructure development, over exploitation for human use, invasion by alien species, global climate change and natural calamities, thus threatening the existence in globe. Nepal has adopted both in-situ and ex-situ conservation practices to conserve the biodiversity and maintain the ecosystem in nature. A network of 20 protected areas is established and national forests under different categories are under protection to conserve the biodiversity in their natural habitats. Scientific forest management was initiated to enhance the forest productivity and conserve biodiversity. Botanical gardens in different localities are established for the conservation of rare, endangered, threatened and endemic plant species. Moreover, Government of Nepal has enlisted some plant species in Government protection list and CITES appendices to prevent them from degradation. Thirty three plant species with medicinal values are prioritized for research and economic development of the nation. Nepal’s approach in conservation of plant diversity is commendable and is at the forefront in in-situ conservation practice. However, a considerable number of plants species that are rare, threatened, endemic are also found outside the protected are as and need to be conserved.

Analysis of plant diversity along an altitudinal gradient in Lippa- Asrang valley of cold desert in district Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
R. Verma ◽  
K. Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Altitudinal Gradient ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Importance Value Index ◽  
Cold Desert ◽  
Herb Species

A study was conducted to understand the plant diversity along an altitudinal gradient with elevations varying from 2750 to 5000m above msl in Lippa – Asrang valley falling in cold desert area of Pooh sub division of district Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh during 2007. The number of tree species at 2750-3200m and 3200-3650m elevations were 10 and 8 with the dominance of Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichian respectively. The number of shrub species were 19, 17, 7 and 3 in the elevations of 2750-3200m, 3200-3650m, 3650-4100m and 4100-4550m respectively. Juniperus communis taking shape of the dominant shrub at 2750-3200 m, 3200-3650 m and 3650-4100m elevations. Rhododendron anthopogon was the dominant shrub at 4100-4550m elevation range. The number of herb species were 76, 73, 46, 39 and 33 at 2750-3200m, 3200-3650m, 3650-4100m, 4100-4550m and 4550-5000m elevational ranges respectively. On the basis of importance value index (IVI), Artemisia brevifolia, Heracleum candicans, Thymus linearis, Bergenia stracheyi and Bistorta affinis were the dominant herbs dotting different elevational ranges and distribution pattern of plant species was mostly contiguous in all the altitudes. Index of diversity for herb species in different elevational ranges was 3.89, 3.82, 3.47, 3.21 and 2.95. Out of 78 medicinal plant species as recorded from the area, 20 species fall in the category of threatened plants. The better conservation of natural resources can be well achieved through promotion of community based conservation stressing in-situ conservation through the establishment of nature reserves and ex-situ conservation through tissue culture, developing cultivation technologies and nurseries of medicinal plants and conducting regular trainings on the procedure of medicinal plants collection, processing amongst the end users/ the local people, traders and real stake holders.

scholarly journals CROP WILD RELATIVES OF KALININGRAD PROVINCE RECOMMENDED FOR IN SITU CONSERVATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 180 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Yu. Shipilina
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Vulnerable Species ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Herbarium Collections

Background. Preservation of the entire genetic diversity of the world’s flora is indispensable to the deployment of breeding practice aimed at development and improvement of the existing economically useful plant species and varieties. The in situ conservation approach is recognized as the topmost priority. Therefore, a study of crop wild relatives (CWR) in Kaliningrad Province appears vital to identify the most vulnerable species and enhance their in situ conservation.Materials and methods. Crop wild relatives occurring in Kaliningrad Province were the research target. The WIR and LE herbarium collections, published data, and results of VIR’s plant explorations undertaken in 1974 and 1983 served as the material for the research. Plant species included in the Red Data Books of Kaliningrad Province, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, etc. were analyzed, and the data from open databases (GBIF, CWR, ILDIS, etc.) and AgroAtlas maps were employed. CWR requiring special conservation measures were identified.Results and conclusions. Kaliningrad Province, Russia, is home to 324 species of CWR. Natural habitats of the 6 most vulnerable plant species were mapped: Vicia dumetorum L., Trifolium rubens L., Chrisaspis spadiceum L., Elytrigia juncea (L.) Nevski, Phleum phleoides (L.) H. Karst., and Allium vineale L. These species fall under the 1st vulnerability category.

Role of Home Garden for In-Situ Conservation of Agro-Biodiversity: A Case Study of Dhari Block, District Nainital, Kumaun Region of Uttarakhand

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-180
Author(s):  
Vandana Tiwari ◽  
Kuldeep Negi ◽  
Rajni Rawat ◽  
Puran Mehta ◽  
Subhash Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Home Gardens ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Home Garden ◽  
Elderly Persons

Since time immemorial, the natives were growing and maintaining plant diversity in the vicinity of dwelling places which is popularly known as Home Garden. The present study was conducted to assess role of home garden for in-situ conservation of plant diversity in Dhari Block, district Nainital, Uttarakhand with the major aim of understanding the plant diversity available especially with respect to the home gardens and role of vice-versa in their day to day life. With the help of questionnaire and survey, the information was collected from six villages i.e., Chaukuta, Dhanachuli, Gajar, Kasiyalekh, Podiyal and Pokhrar. Information regarding the occurrence of plant species, their local names, parts used and formulation through interviews and discussions held with elderly persons of rural communities were recorded. The study documented 93 plant species belonging to 79 genera and 51 families ranging from forestry to horticulture and agriculture including ethno-medicinal plants as grown in the home gardens and these plant species were used for multiple purposes i.e., Cereals, Fire woods, Fodders, Fruits, Leafy vegetables, Ornamentals, Pseudo-cereals, Spices, Vegetables and other cultural significance. These observations indicated that home garden play a important role in food security and in-situ conservation of agri-horticultural plants.

scholarly journals Achievements in the Domain of Geobotany and Forestry in the Last 70 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol XII (2(21)) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Postolache ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Marsh Vegetation ◽  
Protected Natural Areas ◽  
The Republic ◽  
New Research

The achievements of the Geobotany and Forestry Laboratory over the 70 years of activity of “Alexandru Ciubotaru” National Botanical Garden (Institute) have been described. Brief information has been presented about institutional and editorial projects. Based on scientific research, the ways of formation and distribution of plant communities have been determined, new research methods, scientific concepts, recommendations and publications have been elaborated. For the in-situ conservation of plant diversity, research was conducted in protected natural areas of the Republic of Moldova. For the ex-situ conservation of plant diversity, in 1972, the Vegetation of Moldova Exhibition was created and it now includes 12 forest mini-exhibitions, a mini-exhibition with steppe vegetation, a mini-exhibition with meadow vegetation and a mini-exhibition with aquatic and marsh vegetation. Fourteen doctoral theses and 3 habilitation dissertations in biological sciences have been defended.

Making the case for plant diversity

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Smith ◽  
John Dickie ◽  
Simon Linington ◽  
Robin Probert ◽  
Michael Way
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Plant Science ◽  
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Ecosystem Assessment

AbstractThe Millennium Ecosystem Assessment estimates that between 60,000 and 100,000 plant species are threatened with extinction–equivalent to around one-quarter of the total number of known plant species. Why should we care? There are a number of reasons. The first is that these plants may be useful to us in unknown ways. Secondly, ecology has taught us that resilience is found in diversity. Thirdly, we should be saving plant species from extinction because we can–there is no technological reason why any plant species should become extinct. Where we can't protect and manage plant diversity in situ, we should be employing ex situ conservation techniques, ranging from seed banks to habitat restoration. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment describes such interventions as ‘techno-gardening’. This is not an abstract concept–it is already a reality in the majority of man-managed landscapes. In this context the perception of ex situ conservation as simply a back-up strategy for in situ conservation is mistaken. We are all involved in ex situ conservation to some degree, from cultivating our back gardens, to farming, to management of protected areas. Ex situ conservation should be seen as a complementary approach to in situ conservation and on the same spectrum. Kew's Millennium Seed Bank Partnership, comprising more than 120 plant science institutions in 50 countries, epitomizes this philosophy in action. We work actively on every seed collection we bank, finding out how useful it is and how we can grow it to enable human innovation, adaptation and resilience. Challenges remain at the policy level; for example, the need to factor-in the value of natural capital to development decision making, and better defining a role for public-sector science. At the technical level, also, there is much to do. Perhaps the greatest technical challenges relate to the restoration and management of complex, self-sustaining habitats or species assemblages. If we are to techno-garden effectively, in order to maintain ecosystem services and sustain biodiversity, then a multidisciplinary approach will be required. Many plant science institutions have recognized this and are becoming engaged increasingly in restoration activities and in situ management. Ultimately, humanity's ability to innovate and adapt is dependent on our having access to the full range of plant species and the alleles they contain.

scholarly journals The current state of the introduction coenopopulation of Gymnospermium odessanum on the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” at the M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine

2022 ◽  
Vol 93-94 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Victoria Gritsenko
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
Endemic Plant Species

Gymnospermium odessanum is a rare relict endemic plant species. The research was carried out during G. odessanum flowering in 2019–2021 at the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG). Ecological and coenotic conditions of introduction at the NBG differ from natural habitats of the species and are not optimal for its vegetation. However, this species demonstrated ecological-coenotic plasticity and, over the decades, has formed a stable homeostatic introduction coenopopulation here. As of 2021, the area of introduction coenopopulation of G. odessanum at the NBG was 2,075 m2. It comprises 412 individuals of this species (including 40 seedlings, 241 juvenile, 45 immature, 40 virginal, 45 generative, and 1 sub-senile plants). Coenopopulation fragments with a high density of G. odessanum individuals are rare here, so the average density is low – only 0.2 individuals per 1 m2. In 2021, in the spectrum of age states, the total percentage of pregenerative individuals was very high and reached 88.8 %; the share of generative individuals was 10.9 %.In general, the age structure of the introduction coenopopulation of G. odessanum is characterized by long-term (2010–2021) stability. The spatial distribution of individuals in the introduction coenopopulation is of two kinds – random and in groups. This is due to combined myrmecochoric and barochoric propagation. Also due to myrmecochory, this coenopopulation tends to spread the area. Compared to natural coenopopulations, the introduction coenopopulation of G. odessanum at the NBG is characterized by a larger area, a much significant number, and, at the same time, a low average density of individuals. However, like in most of natural populations, its age spectrum is left-sided.The conducted research testifies the successful formation of the introduction coenopopulation of G. odessanum in the meadow-steppe cultural phytocoenosis of the NBG. This introduction coenopopulation is an example of a successful multi-year scientific experiment and effective ex situ protection and preservation of G. odessanum on the northern border of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, far beyond the natural range of this endemic plant species.

scholarly journals An Overview on the Current Status and Conservation Practices of Forest Land and Plant Diversity of Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Md. Iqbal Hossain ◽  
Zabid Al Riyadh ◽  
Md. Abiar Rahman ◽  
Satya Ranjan Saha ◽  
Jannatul Ferdousi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Flora Diversity ◽  
Effective Conservation

The study is based on intensive survey of relevant literature which reviews the present status, threats, conservation initiatives and major legislation related to conservation of forest ecosystems and plant diversity. The three natural forests (Hill, Sal and mangrove forest) are the key habitats of plant diversity and cover about 2 million hectares of land. Despite a flora diversity rich country, the existence of many plant species is currently under threat as evident by continuous degradation of natural forest in Bangladesh. There is an increasing pressure on the biodiversity of this country to meet the needs of the increasing population of Bangladesh. As a result, many plant species are gradually declining and are facing extinction. Over exploitation of natural ecosystems, land use changes, permanent infrastructures in natural ecosystems, illegal logging, natural disasters, climate change effects and limited forest protected areas (FPAs) are key threats to plant diversity. Government has made some initiative to conserve the remaining plant diversity including declaration of FPAs, national conservation strategies and establishment of environment related acts. At present 47 FPAs are established as in-situ and ex-situ conservation approaches to preserve plant diversity. Several preservation plots, clone banks and arboreta are also functioning as conservation approaches. The country has several laws that address forest and biodiversity conservation, several of which has been amended in last decade. Recently the country has taken some policies and projects in small scale to ensure effective conservation of plant diversity through sustainable management practices. Although co-management by FPAs authority and local participant has some advantageous effects, the existing conservation practices are still poor to effective conservation of flora diversity.

scholarly journals Exploration of plant diversity at the forest patches in North Sulawesi and Their Conservation Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 948 (1) ◽  
pp. 012048
Author(s):  
H Helmanto ◽  
M Siregar ◽  
S U Rahmawati ◽  
Usman ◽  
U Sahrudin
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
North Sulawesi

Abstract North Sulawesi is one of the provinces which is included in the Wallacea area which is the world’s source biological diversity and endemism hotspot. Forest fragmentation and population growth is the greatest threat to a variety of Wallacea endemic species. This study aims to explore the plant diversity in various forest patches in North Sulawesi and their conservation strategies. The research was conducted in 7 forest locations. This research uses exploration method. Exploration results found 259 collection numbers consisting of 154 species, 114 genera and 53 families. Orchidaceae is the most commonly family found (48 species and 26 genera), followed by Moraceae (18 species) and Piperaceae (16 species). Four species of Begonia were identified as endemic Sulawesi, 3 number potential as new species. Potential of new species is also likely on the Alpinia spp. (Zingiberaceae) and Piper spp. because has a large variety. Forest patches in the study area still have a high variety of species but mostly surrounded by people’s gardens and exploited potentially. In situ conservation complementary with ex situ is a conservation strategy which needs to be carried out.

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