BENTUK KERAGAMAN LEKSIKON FLORA DALAM PENGOBATAN TRADISIONAL MASYARAKAT DAYAK HALONG: KAJIAN EKOLINGUISTIK (Forms of Flora Lexicon Diversity in Traditional Medicine of the Dayak Halong Community: Ecolinguistic Study)

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bentuk keragaman leksikon flora dalam pengobatan tradisional masyarakat Dayak Halong. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer berupa leksikon flora yang digunakan sebagai pengobatan tradisional yang diperoleh dari balian atau tokoh adat. Adapun, data sekunder diperoleh dari sejumlah kajian pustaka yang berkaitan dengan penelitian ini. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan tiga langkah kerja, yaitu tahap penyediaan data, tahap analisis data, dan tahap penyajian hasil analisis data. Penyediaan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode simak, dengan teknik rekam, catat, dan wawancara. Penganalisisan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode padan. Penyajian hasil analisis data menggunakan metode penyajian informal. Dari hasil analisis ditemukan 40 leksikon flora dan 6 bentuk keragaman flora dalam pengobatan tradisional masyarakat Dayak Halong. Bentuk leksikon yang ditemukan, yaitu (1) leksikon yang berwujud kata yang terdiri atas leksikon yang berwujud kata dasar dan leksikon yang berwujud kata ulang; (2) leksikon yang berwujud frase. Dalam kategori linguistik, keempat puluh leksikon flora tersebut tergolong bermakna bernyawa dan dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan bentuk dasar, bentuk turunan, dan bentuk ulang. Dalam kategori ekologi keempat puluh leksikon flora itu termasuk tumbuhan biotik. Bentuk keragaman flora yang ditemukan berbentuk habitus (1) pohon, (2) parasit, (3) rumput, (4) perdu, (5) liana, dan (6) semak. Bentuk keragaman leksikon flora tersebut termasuk dalam lingkungan ragawi dan lingkungan sosial yang terkait dengan lingkungan geografis, yakni lingkungan tempat masyarakat Dayak Halong memanfaatkan flora untuk pengobatan tradisional. Pemanfaatan flora tersebut menggunakan bagian akar, umbi, daun, pucuk daun, batang, bunga, buah, dan biji tumbuhan. Cara penggunaannya adalah dengan cara direbus, direndam, diusapkan, dikompreskan, ditempelkan, dioleskan pada bagian yang sakit, serta diseduh langsung. This study aims to describe the diversity of flora lexicon in traditional medicine of the Dayak Halong community. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. This study uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data in the form of flora lexicon used as traditional medicine obtained from balian or traditional leaders. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained from a number of literature studies related to this research. In this study, three work steps were carried out, namely: the stage of providing data, the stage of data analysis, and the stage of presenting the results of data analysis. The provision of data in this study used the listening method, with recording, note taking, and interviewing techniques. Data analysis was carried out using the equivalent method. Presentation of the results of data analysis using the method of informal presentation. From the results of the analysis found 40 flora lexicon and 6 forms of flora diversity in traditional medicine of the Dayak Halong community. The forms of lexicon found are (1) lexicon in the form of word consisting of lexicon in the form of basic words and lexicon in the form of repeated words; (2) lexicon in the form of phrases. In the linguistic category, the forty flora lexicons are classified as animate and can be classified based on basic forms, derived forms, and re-forms. In the forty ecological categories of the flora lexicon, it includes biotic plants. The forms of flora diversity found were in the form of habitus (1) trees, (2) parasites, (3) grass, (4) clumps, (5) lianas, and (6) shrubs. The forms of diversity in the flora lexicon are included in the physical environment and social environment related to the geographical environment, namely the environment were the Dayak Halong community uses flora for traditional medicine. Utilization of the flora uses the roots, tubers, leaves, leaf shoots, stems, flowers, fruits, and seed of plants. How to use it is by boiling, soaking, rubbing, compressing, affixed, smeared on the sick, and brewed directly.

Biodiversity of Rambut Cave Sale Central Java

Rembang zone karst area stretches from Central Java to Madura Islands. This area is the most significant water or groundwater basin (CAT) area in Rembang Regency, often known as Watuputih Mountains or Karst Area. Watuputih Groundwater Basin is a karst area that is characterized by the formation of several caves. Rambut Cave is one of the caves in Watuputih area located to the east of Watuputih with coordinate’s point −6.8783, 111.5534. There are seven types of flora found in the Rambut Cave, namely Horseshoe Bats, Bent-Wing Bats, Ants, Geckos and Crickets, Forest Grasshoppers, and Snails. While the flora was found, there are six types of Bauhinia scandens, Suweg, Mahogany, Drypetes littoralis, Yellow Palm, and Teak trees. The study results obtained the Flora Diversity Index Value H=0.687, which belongs to the low category, and the value of Fauna Diversity Index H’=1.414, which belongs to the medium category.

An inventory of the biodiversity of Kare Caves for the development of ecotourism karst district Pamotan Rembang

The karst area is a unique ecosystem area and has a wealth of abundant potential resources. On the one hand, it is vulnerable to environmental exploitation to improve the economy. Kare Cave is a non-natural formed cave located in a karst topography. The beauty of Kare Cave has the potential to be developed into an ecotourism object. This study aims to determine the diversity of fauna and flora and identify ecotourism’s potential in Kare Cave, Pamotan District, Rembang Regency. This research used a quantitative descriptive study. Data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wienner Diversity Index formula. The diversity of flora and fauna in Kare Cave can be developed into ecotourism based on education and conservation with several efforts that must be developed, namely improving infrastructure and involvement of local communities. The fauna diversity index H’=1.35 and the flora diversity index H’=1.81, which means it is included in the medium category.

Analysis of the effect of CO and PM 2.5 parameters on vegetation conditions in red brick industrial area, Srimulyo Village, Sragen Regency

Red brick industrial activity which is developing in Srimulyo Village generates pros and cons related to CO gas emissions and the resulting particulates, which affect to the flora diversity. This study aims to identify flora biodiversity in the red brick industrial area of Srimulyo Village, then analyze the effect of the emission value of CO and Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5 on vegetation in the area. This study conducted at 4-point locations for sampling, using Shannon-Wiener formula to determine the biodiversity index. Result obtain low vegetation diversity index and low stability with the average index value was 1.91. The low vegetation diversity index has correlation with the measured value of CO and PM 2.5 gases which above the standard thresholds. The average range of CO gas levels is 353.3-844.7 ppm, and PM 2.5 levels is 1928.7-9517.7 µg/m3. In conclusion, this study shows that the CO gases and PM 2.5 resulted from Red Brick Industrial Area affect to the flora diversity index into a low cluster in the observed location.

B7 Family Molecule VSIG4 Regulates Intestinal Anti-Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Immunity by Altering Gut Flora Diversity

As an essential member of the B7 family, V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing 4 (VSIG4) is expressed explicitly in tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) and plays an essential role in maintaining the homeostasis of the environmental immune system. Here, we demonstrate that gene-targeted VSIG4-deficient mice infected with Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) display reduced bacterial burden. To reveal the role of VSIG4 in the fight against EHEC infection, we collected mice feces and used high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicons to detect changes in the flora. A total of 657330 sequences were sequenced on the PacBio platform, with an average length of 1498 bp. We found that VSIG4 deficiency could alter the gut microbiota by increasing diversity and shifting community composition. In particular, G_Akkermansia and G_Oscillo spiraceae increased significantly. These findings expand upon a prior observation that VSIG4 deficiency reduced EHEC colonization by changing the gut microbiota diversity and shifting community composition.

Systematic treatment of morphological fruit types in plants of the class Liliopsida of the flora of Ukraine

In this review, the scope of morphological diversity of fruits within the class Liliopsida belonging to the flora of Ukraine compared to the world flora diversity was analyzed. For the first time, the taxonomic diversity of monocot plants of the flora of Ukraine was analyzed, which includes 235 genera and about 1050 species, and the distribution of fruit types in the largest monocot families revealed. It was found that among monocot plants of the world flora, as also of the Ukrainian flora, more than 70% of generic and species diversity is taken up by the Orchidaceae, Poaceae, and Cyperaceae families having dry uniform fruits: inferior capsule (Orchidaceae) and one-seeded enveloped fruit (Poaceae and Cyperaceae). An annotated list of morphological fruit types was compiled for all 38 families of the natural and cultural flora of monocot plants of Ukraine. Among 12 families of the subclass Alismatidae, apocarpous polymerous or trimerous fruits, mostly with one-seeded fruitlets, occur in six families (Alismataceae, Butomaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Ruppiaceae, Scheuchzeriaceae, Zannichelliaceae). In 12 of 16 families of the subclass Liliidae, trimerous capsules are the most common (Agapanthaceae, Agavaceae, Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asphodelaceae, Colchicaceae, Hemerocallidacae, Hyacinthaceae, Iridaceae, Liliасеае, Melanthiaceae, Orchidaceae), while in six families berry-like fruit occurs in all members or in the single genus (Asparagaceae, Ruscaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Melanthiaceae (Paris), Liliасеае (Streptopus), Smilacaceae). Among 10 families of the subclass Commelinidae, in four families superior dry one-seeded fruits occur (Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Sparganiaceae, Typhaceae), while another four families have trimerous capsules (Cannaceae, Commelinaceae, Juncaceae, Pontederiaceae). In general, the most typical fruit on the familial taxonomical level is the capsule (17 families), berries occur in 10 families, aggregate fruits and one-seeded fruits are represented each in seven families, while the rarest fruit type is the schizocarp (Juncaginaceae). No monomerous follicles, poricide and operculate capsules, winged fruits and loments were found. The most controversial fruit types are found in two groups of families, for both of them the problem is the gynoecium type. These are families with one-seeded fruit (Аrасеае (Lemna), Cyperaceae, Hydrocharitaceae (Najas), Poaceae, Sparganiaceae, Typhaceae, Zosteraceae) and families with initial carpel fusion (Hydrocharitaceae (Stratiotes), Juncaginaceae, Melanthiaceae (Veratrum), Scheuchzeriaceae, Tofieldiaceae). As a result of our work, the key and the most relevant areas of carpological studies in Ukraine were defined, particularly, unifying the terminology, examination of the anatomical structure of the pericarp, revealing of the evolutionary and ecological aspects of fruit morphology.

Diversity and dynamics of hydrophilic flora of Lowland Polissya (on the example of the Sluch River basin)

Study and analysis of hydrophilic flora diversity are important parts of environmental research due to various functions of vascular macrophytes in freshwater ecosystems, which deteriorate under the influence of anthropogenic activity and climate change. The aim of this study is to analyze the hydrophilic flora diversity (taxa, biology, ecology, and conservation status of species) and current population trends in the Sluch River basin, the largest tributary of the Horyn River (the Pripyat River basin), within the Polissya Lowland in the northern-west region of Ukraine. The list of hydrophilic flora is based on materials of the authors’ field researches in 2014–2020 within the upper and middle parts of the river basin, herbarium materials, and archive data. The study shows that the natural flora consists at least of 105 species of vascular plants belonging to 66 genera, 36 families, and 22 orders. Structural analysis shows the predominance of a few families in the systematic structure of the flora (Cyperaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Typhaceae) and genera (Potamogeton, Carex); the dominant categories are hemicryptophytes and geophytes, entomophiles and anemophiles, heliophytes and hygrohelophytes. C- and S-strategists are dominant. This is the generally typical taxonomic and ecological structure of the hydrophilic flora of water bodies in the Pripyat River basin. The list of rare species includes 20 species from 15 genera and 12 families, for instance, species listed as vulnerable in The Red Book of Ukraine (Juncus bulbosus, Utricularia intermedia, Nymphoides peltata). Even rare and vulnerable species can form numerous populations in some localities, for example, Nymphoides peltata and Calla palustris. Five alien species were identified (Acorus calamus, Elodea canadensis, Zizania latifolia, Bidens frondosa, and Echinocystis lobata), some of which tend to expand and displace aboriginal species. In the future, it will be important to further study the structure and changes in the hydrophilic flora of the region under conditions of anthropogenic impact, to monitor the dynamics of populations of alien species, and to develop conservation measures for rare species and communities.

Bacteroides fragilis controls intestinal inflammation through promoting Treg differentiation via TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway

Alteration of intestinal flora is usually associated with various gastrointestinal diseases.Microbial homeostasis can enhance host immune tolerance and regulate intestinal immune balance.Our previous studies have found that the peptidoglycan framework of Lactococcus lactis(L.lactis),gram positive enhancer matrix particles (GEM),improved the intestinal flora diversity and significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in colitic mice.Of note,Bacteroides fragilis(B.fragilis) can alleviate inflammation by promoting the expressions of intestinal regulatory T cells (Tregs) and anti-inflammatory cytokines.However, mechanism of B.fragilis regulating intestinal immunity remains unclear,thus we here seek to explore the effects of B.fragilis and its mechanism by DSS-induced experimental colitis.Results show that B.fragilis contributes to the restoration of gut microbiota composition and an increase in short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) production of mice with colitis.The treatment mediates the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Tregs probably through TGF-β activated by SCFAs,and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling is indispensable for both Treg expansion and IL-10 expression.The study demonstrates the immune pathways by which B.fragilis controls the inflammatory process and it may be an effective therapeutic option for intestinal diseases.

Notes on Amydrium zippelianum (Araceae): A Mesmerizing Species From East Malesia

AbstrakAmydrium zippelianum (Araceae) dilaporkan dijumpai di Malesia mulai dari Sulawesi hingga Papua Nugini, namun kini sudah jarang dijumpai. Eksplorasi flora telah dilakukan untuk mengungkap keanekaragaman flora di Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan, sebuah kepulauan kecil di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan dan mengumpulkan spesimen A. zippelianum. Eksplorasi flora dilakukan menggunakan metode pengumpulan data taksonomi, bertempat di Pulau Peleng dan Bakalan, Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan. Material tumbuhan dikoleksi untuk dijadikan spesimen herbarium dan disimpan di Herbarium Bogoriense (BO). Spesimen A. zippelianum yang disimpan di BO dan portal daring kemudian diamati. Sebagai tambahan, pengamatan spesimen herbarium juga dilakukan untuk memperkaya informasi tentang A. zippelianum di Malesia. Peta distribusi disediakan dan data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Terdapat satu spesimen fertil A. zippelianum yang dikoleksi di sekitar Hutan Kokolomboy, Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan. Di Malesia, A. zippelianum dapat ditemukan di dataran rendah hingga dataran tinggi pada ketinggian mencapai 2.200 mdpl dan sebagian besar ditemukan pada area hutan. Distribusi jenis ini di alam meliputi Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua Nugini, dan Filipina. Tumbuhan ini telah diintroduksi ke Jawa (Kebun Raya Bogor), Bali (Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali), dan Inggris (Royal Botanic Garden, Kew). AbstractAmydrium zippelianum (Araceae) was reportedly found in Malesia, from Sulawesi to Papua New Guinea, but it is rarely seen now. Flora exploration has been conducted to reveal flora diversity in Banggai Kepulauan Regency, a group of small islands in Central Sulawesi Province. This study was aimed to find and collect A. zippelianum specimen. Flora exploration was carried out by applying taxonomy data collecting method in Peleng and Bakalan islands, Banggai Kepulauan Regency. Plant materials were collected for herbarium specimens and deposited in Herbarium Bogoriense (BO). The specimens of A. zippelianum deposited in BO and online portal database were further examined. In addition, observations of herbarium specimens were also done to obtain more information about A. zippelianum in Malesia. A distribution map was provided and data were analyzed descriptively. One fertile specimen of A. zippelianum was successfully collected around Kokolomboy Forest, Banggai Kepulauan Regency. In Malesia, A. zippelianum can be found in lowlands to highlands at elevation up to 2,200 m asl and mostly in forest area. The distribution of this species in nature covers Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines. This plant was introduced to Java (Bogor Botanic Garden), Bali (“Eka Karya” Bali Botanic Garden), and United Kingdom (Royal Botanic Garden, Kew).