scholarly journals Exploration of plant diversity at the forest patches in North Sulawesi and Their Conservation Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 948 (1) ◽  
pp. 012048
Author(s):  
H Helmanto ◽  
M Siregar ◽  
S U Rahmawati ◽  
Usman ◽  
U Sahrudin
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
North Sulawesi

Abstract North Sulawesi is one of the provinces which is included in the Wallacea area which is the world’s source biological diversity and endemism hotspot. Forest fragmentation and population growth is the greatest threat to a variety of Wallacea endemic species. This study aims to explore the plant diversity in various forest patches in North Sulawesi and their conservation strategies. The research was conducted in 7 forest locations. This research uses exploration method. Exploration results found 259 collection numbers consisting of 154 species, 114 genera and 53 families. Orchidaceae is the most commonly family found (48 species and 26 genera), followed by Moraceae (18 species) and Piperaceae (16 species). Four species of Begonia were identified as endemic Sulawesi, 3 number potential as new species. Potential of new species is also likely on the Alpinia spp. (Zingiberaceae) and Piper spp. because has a large variety. Forest patches in the study area still have a high variety of species but mostly surrounded by people’s gardens and exploited potentially. In situ conservation complementary with ex situ is a conservation strategy which needs to be carried out.

scholarly journals AUTOCHTHONOUS BREEDS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND CONSERVATION MEASURES

AGROFOR ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran MALETIC
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Animal Genetic Resources ◽  
Diversity Preservation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
International Conventions

Recently, highly productive breeds of various species of domestic animals have been used in livestock production, which has resulted in the destruction of indigenous breeds of domestic animals around the world, even in our area. This is the first reason why indigenous races and strains have been endangered. Another reason is that domestic, indigenous breeds were crossed with specialized breeds, which were imported, and in that way their genetic diversity was negatively affected. Resistance is lost, adaptation to the conditions in which they were created, the ability to survive in nature. Indigenous breeds of different species of domestic animals, which are recognized in the Republic of Srpska (BiH) are gatačko cattle and buša (cattle), Vlašić pramenka, Podveleška pramenka, Kupres pramenka (sheep), domestic Balkan horned goat (goats), Bosnian mountain horse (horses), mangulica (pigs) and pogrmuša hen or živičarka hen (poultry). By acceding to international conventions, BiH /Republic of Srpska has committed itself to establishing a system of measures that will enable the conservation of biological diversity and the protection of indigenous and endangered breeds of domestic animals. The choice of a strategy for the conservation of diversity, the establishment of an adequate conservation scheme, and the implementation of a conservation strategy are some of the key elements of any process for the conservation of genetic diversity. Preservation of autochthonous and protected breeds of domestic animals is possible through preservation in the original environment (in situ) and preservation outside the original environment (ex situ). There is a possibility of combining these models of conservation of animal genetic resources.

scholarly journals Application of the MSAP Technique to Evaluate Epigenetic Changes in Plant Conservation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7459
Author(s):  
María Elena González-Benito ◽  
Miguel Ángel Ibáñez ◽  
Michela Pirredda ◽  
Sara Mira ◽  
Carmen Martín
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Plant Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Methylation Patterns

Epigenetic variation, and particularly DNA methylation, is involved in plasticity and responses to changes in the environment. Conservation biology studies have focused on the measurement of this variation to establish demographic parameters, diversity levels and population structure to design the appropriate conservation strategies. However, in ex situ conservation approaches, the main objective is to guarantee the characteristics of the conserved material (phenotype and epi-genetic). We review the use of the Methylation Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism (MSAP) technique to detect changes in the DNA methylation patterns of plant material conserved by the main ex situ plant conservation methods: seed banks, in vitro slow growth and cryopreservation. Comparison of DNA methylation patterns before and after conservation is a useful tool to check the fidelity of the regenerated plants, and, at the same time, may be related with other genetic variations that might appear during the conservation process (i.e., somaclonal variation). Analyses of MSAP profiles can be useful in the management of ex situ plant conservation but differs in the approach used in the in situ conservation. Likewise, an easy-to-use methodology is necessary for a rapid interpretation of data, in order to be readily implemented by conservation managers.

Strategies for conservation of germplasm in endemic redwoods in the face of climate change: a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Coast Redwood ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
The Face

This study reviews the various conservation strategies applied to the four redwood species, namely coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Sierra redwood or giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) and South American redwood or alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides), which are endemic in the USA, China and South America, respectively. All four redwood genera belong to the family Cupressaceae; they are monospecific, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened in their native ranges due to human activity and a changing climate. Therefore, the management objective should be to conserve representative populations of the native species with as much genetic diversity as possible for their future survival. Those representative populations exhibiting relatively high levels of genetic diversity should be selected for germplasm preservation and monitored during the conservation phase by using molecular markers. In situ and ex situ strategies for the preservation of germplasm of the redwoods are discussed in this study. A holistic in situ gene conservation strategy calls for the regeneration of a large number of diverse redwood genotypes that exhibit adequate levels of neutral and adaptive genetic variability, by generative and vegetative methods for their preservation and maintenance in their endemic locations. At the same time, it would be desirable to conserve the redwoods in new ex situ reserves, away from their endemic locations with similar as well as different environmental conditions for testing their growth and survival capacities. In addition, other ex situ strategies involving biotechnological approaches for preservation of seeds, tissues, pollen and DNA in genebanks should also be fully exploited in the face of global climate change.

scholarly journals Designing conservation strategies to preserve the genetic diversity of Astragalus edulis Bunge, an endangered species from western Mediterranean region

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Peñas ◽  
Sara Barrios ◽  
Javier Bobo-Pinilla ◽  
Juan Lorite ◽  
M. Montserrat Martínez-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Ecological Data

Astragalus edulis (Fabaceae) is an endangered annual species from western Mediterranean region that colonized SE Iberian Peninsula, NE and SW Morocco, and the easternmost Macaronesian islands (Lanzarote and Fuerteventura). Although in Spain some conservation measures have been adopted, it is still necessary to develop an appropriate management plan to preserve genetic diversity across the entire distribution area of the species. Our main objective was to use population genetics as well as ecological and phylogeographic data to select Relevant Genetic Units for Conservation (RGUCs) as the first step in designing conservation plans for A. edulis. We identified six RGUCs for in situ conservation, based on estimations of population genetic structure and probabilities of the loss of rare alleles. Additionally, further population parameters, i.e. occupation area, population size, vulnerability, legal status of the population areas, and the historical haplotype distribution, were considered in order to establish which populations deserve conservation priority. Three populations from the Iberian Peninsula, two from Morocco, and one from the Canary Islands represent the total genetic diversity of the species and the rarest allelic variation. Ex situ conservation is recommended to complement the preservation of A. edulis, given that effective in situ population protection is not feasible in all cases. The consideration of complementary phylogeographic and ecological data is useful for management efforts to preserve the evolutionary potential of the species.

scholarly journals Designing conservation strategies to preserve the genetic diversity ofAstragalus edulisBunge, an endangered species from western Mediterranean region

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Peñas ◽  
Sara Barrios ◽  
Javier Bobo-Pinilla ◽  
Juan Lorite ◽  
M. Montserrat Martínez-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Ecological Data

Astragalus edulis(Fabaceae) is an endangered annual species from the western Mediterranean region that colonized the SE Iberian Peninsula, NE and SW Morocco, and the easternmost Macaronesian islands (Lanzarote and Fuerteventura). Although in Spain some conservation measures have been adopted, it is still necessary to develop an appropriate management plan to preserve genetic diversity across the entire distribution area of the species. Our main objective was to use population genetics as well as ecological and phylogeographic data to select Relevant Genetic Units for Conservation (RGUCs) as the first step in designing conservation plans forA. edulis. We identified six RGUCs for in situ conservation, based on estimations of population genetic structure and probabilities of loss of rare alleles. Additionally, further population parameters, i.e. occupation area, population size, vulnerability, legal status of the population areas, and the historical haplotype distribution, were considered in order to establish which populations deserve conservation priority. Three populations from the Iberian Peninsula, two from Morocco, and one from the Canary Islands represent the total genetic diversity of the species and the rarest allelic variation. Ex situ conservation is recommended to complement the preservation ofA. edulis, given that effective in situ population protection is not feasible in all cases. The consideration of complementary phylogeographic and ecological data is useful for management efforts to preserve the evolutionary potential of the species.

scholarly journals In-Situ and Ex-Situ Biodiversity Conservation in Ecuador: A Review of Policies, Actions and Challenges

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Mestanza-Ramón ◽  
Sujan M. Henkanaththegedara ◽  
Paola Vásconez Duchicela ◽  
Yadira Vargas Tierras ◽  
Maritza Sánchez Capa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Small Scale

Biodiversity is vital for the stability of the planet; its ecosystem services provide essential elements for our survival and well-being. This review analyzes the national biodiversity policies and describes the main strategies for biodiversity conservation in Ecuador, one of the “mega-diverse” countries in the world with the highest species density. It deepens an analysis of in-situ and ex-situ conservation processes. Ecuador has six clear policies for biodiversity conservation. These policies strengthen biodiversity conservation through mechanisms that improve the well-being of wildlife by ensuring human, wildlife and ecosystem health. It promotes actions for the welfare of wildlife, through technical, administrative and legal tools. The National System of Protected Areas, with 60 protected areas, is the most effective in-situ conservation instrument at the country level. Several ex-situ conservation and management means for the conservation of wild species are being utilized, including nurseries, botanical gardens, zoos, germplasm banks, aquariums, species reproduction and rehabilitation centers. Ecuador is making slow progress on ex-situ conservation despite the availability of a sound policy framework, possibly due to financial, infrastructural, and/or technological challenges, and knowledge gaps. We propose fostering international research collaborations and establishing fully funded small-scale captive breeding programs at zoos, aquariums and university research facilities to help recovery of at-risk species of reptiles, amphibians, fish and species beyond Galapagos region. We recommend utilizing citizen science programs to fill the gaps of biodiversity information and increasing efforts to revive the ex-situ conservation strategies in protecting the unique biodiversity of Ecuador.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and selection signatures in maize landraces compared across 50 years of in situ and ex situ conservation

Heredity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Denisse McLean-Rodríguez ◽  
Denise Elston Costich ◽  
Tania Carolina Camacho-Villa ◽  
Mario Enrico Pè ◽  
Matteo Dell’Acqua
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Agrobiodiversity Conservation

AbstractGenomics-based, longitudinal comparisons between ex situ and in situ agrobiodiversity conservation strategies can contribute to a better understanding of their underlying effects. However, landrace designations, ambiguous common names, and gaps in sampling information complicate the identification of matching ex situ and in situ seed lots. Here we report a 50-year longitudinal comparison of the genetic diversity of a set of 13 accessions from the state of Morelos, Mexico, conserved ex situ since 1967 and retrieved in situ from the same donor families in 2017. We interviewed farmer families who donated in situ landraces to understand their germplasm selection criteria. Samples were genotyped by sequencing, producing 74,739 SNPs. Comparing the two sample groups, we show that ex situ and in situ genome-wide diversity was similar. In situ samples had 3.1% fewer SNPs and lower pairwise genetic distances (Fst 0.008–0.113) than ex situ samples (Fst 0.031–0.128), but displayed the same heterozygosity. Despite genome-wide similarities across samples, we could identify several loci under selection when comparing in situ and ex situ seed lots, suggesting ongoing evolution in farmer fields. Eight loci in chromosomes 3, 5, 6, and 10 showed evidence of selection in situ that could be related with farmers’ selection criteria surveyed with focus groups and interviews at the sampling site in 2017, including wider kernels and larger ear size. Our results have implications for ex situ collection resampling strategies and the in situ conservation of threatened landraces.

scholarly journals Importance of Plants with Extremely Small Populations (PSESPs) in Endemic-Rich Areas, Elements Often Forgotten in Conservation Strategies

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1504
Author(s):  
Donatella Cogoni ◽  
Giuseppe Fenu ◽  
Carlo Dessì ◽  
Angela Deidda ◽  
Cesario Giotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Disjunct Populations ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Threatened Habitat

The distribution of the threatened fern Ophioglossum vulgatum L., a plant with extremely small populations (PSESPs) in Sardinia, is characterized by small disjunct populations with only a few individuals, and little is known about its status in the wild. To provide information for the conservation of O. vulgatum and with the aim to develop an in situ conservation strategy, we investigated its distribution, population size, and habitat. Field surveys confirmed that the species grows in only five localities. Two representative populations were selected for this study (Funtanamela and Gedili), and in each population, all plants were mapped and monitored monthly from April to August over an 8-year period. During the study, the populations had a very low number of reproductive plants and the populations appeared to be in decline, with the total number of plants per population slightly decreased in Gedili while a sharp reduction was recorded in Funtanamela due to wild boar threat. A fence was built in order to protect the site from further damage, but no noticeable signals of recovery were observed. The most urgent conservation requirement for this species is to preserve the threatened habitat of the remnant populations. Further field surveys and research are also required for an improved understanding of the species’ status.

scholarly journals Achievements in the Domain of Geobotany and Forestry in the Last 70 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol XII (2(21)) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Postolache ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Marsh Vegetation ◽  
Protected Natural Areas ◽  
The Republic ◽  
New Research

The achievements of the Geobotany and Forestry Laboratory over the 70 years of activity of “Alexandru Ciubotaru” National Botanical Garden (Institute) have been described. Brief information has been presented about institutional and editorial projects. Based on scientific research, the ways of formation and distribution of plant communities have been determined, new research methods, scientific concepts, recommendations and publications have been elaborated. For the in-situ conservation of plant diversity, research was conducted in protected natural areas of the Republic of Moldova. For the ex-situ conservation of plant diversity, in 1972, the Vegetation of Moldova Exhibition was created and it now includes 12 forest mini-exhibitions, a mini-exhibition with steppe vegetation, a mini-exhibition with meadow vegetation and a mini-exhibition with aquatic and marsh vegetation. Fourteen doctoral theses and 3 habilitation dissertations in biological sciences have been defended.

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