scholarly journals Ships and their timber source as indicators of connections between regions

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
Aoife Daly
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
Baltic Coast ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
North And South ◽  
North Western

The precise dating and determination of the source of timbers in shipwrecks found around the coasts of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, through dendrochronology allows us to see connections between north and  south, east and west throughout the region and to a high chronological precision. In this paper we take a look at results of recent analyses of timber from ships, and timber and barrel cargoes, to try to draw a chronological picture, from the twelfth to seventeenth centuries, of links between regions, through transport in oak ships and trade of timber. Archaeological finds of oak from timber cargos in shipwrecks and fine art objects (painted panels and sculpture) show the extent to which timber was shipped from Hanseatic towns along the southern Baltic coast, to western and north-western Europe.

The Irish St. Brendan Legend in Lower Germany and on the Baltic Coast

Traditio ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 408-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Selmer
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Southern Germany ◽  
Religious Influence ◽  
The North ◽  
Baltic Coast ◽  
The One ◽  
The Baltic

No Irish-born Saint played a role in continental Europe's folklore and literature comparable to that of St. Brendan, the Navigator (484–c. 577). To judge by the frequency and provenance of the earliest manuscripts, the Vita and Navigatio, the two written sources which deal with his life and exploits, the legend was best known in France and Bretagne, Lorraine and Southern Germany. For obvious reasons, the German Low Countries, particularly the shores of the Baltic Sea and the adjacent territories to the north and northwest, were less susceptible to any such distant literary or religious influence. If it is a surprise to find St. Brendan taking so strong a foothold in Southern Germany, far enough removed from his native Kerry, how much more astonishing is it to note traces of his legend evident even in Northern Germany and Prussia proper, an area which only in late medieval centuries began to enter the literary orbit of Western Europe. This area is the one-hundred-mile stretch between the former Hanseatic cities of Lübeck and Stralsund, comprising chiefly Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania, along the shores of the Baltic.

scholarly journals The carbon budget of the Baltic Sea

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 3219-3230 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kuliński ◽  
J. Pempkowiak
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of the Baltic Sea carbon budget. The Baltic Sea is very much influenced by terrestrial carbon input. Rivers are the largest carbon source, and their input amounts to 10.90 Tg C yr−1 (Tg = 1012 g) with a 37.5% contribution of organic carbon. On the other hand, carbon is effectively exported from the Baltic to the North Sea (7.67 Tg C yr−1) and is also buried in bottom sediments (2.73 Tg C yr−1). The other sources and sinks of carbon are of minor importance. The net CO2 emission (1.05 Tg C yr−1) from the Baltic to the atmosphere was calculated as the closing term of the carbon budget presented here. There is a net loss of organic carbon, which indicates that the Baltic Sea is heterotrophic.

scholarly journals Model calculations of the effects of present and future emissions of air pollutants from shipping in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 21943-21974 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Jonson ◽  
J. P. Jalkanen ◽  
L. Johansson ◽  
M. Gauss ◽  
H. A. C. Denier van der Gon
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
The North ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. Land-based emissions of air pollutants in Europe have steadily decreased over the past two decades, and this decrease is expected to continue. Within the same time span emissions from shipping have increased, although recently sulphur emissions, and subsequently particle emissions, have decreased in EU ports and in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, defined as SECAs (Sulphur Emission Control Areas). The maximum allowed sulphur content in marine fuels in EU ports is now 0.1%, as required by the European Union sulphur directive. In the SECAs the maximum fuel content of sulphur is currently 1% (the global average is about 2.4%). This will be reduced to 0.1% from 2015, following the new IMO rules (International Maritime Organisation). In order to assess the effects of ship emissions in and around the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, regional model calculations with the EMEP air pollution model have been made on a 1/4° longitude × 1/8° latitude resolution, using ship emissions in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea that are based on accurate ship positioning data. The effects on depositions and air pollution and the resulting number of years of life lost (YOLL) have been calculated by comparing model calculations with and without ship emissions in the two sea areas. The calculations have been made with emissions representative of 2009 and 2011, i.e. before and after the implementation of stricter controls on sulphur emissions from mid 2010. The calculations with present emissions show that per person, an additional 0.1–0.2 years of life lost is estimated in areas close to the major ship tracks with present emission levels. Comparisons of model calculations with emissions before and after the implementation of stricter emission control on sulphur show a general decrease in calculated particle concentration. At the same time, however, an increase in ship activity has resulted in higher emissions and subsequently air concentrations, in particular of NOx, especially in and around several major ports. Additional model calculations have been made with land based and ship emissions representative of year 2030. Following a decrease in emissions, air quality is expected to improve, and depositions to be reduced. Particles from shipping are expected to decrease as a result of emission controls in the SECAs. Further controls of NOx emissions from shipping are not decided, and calculations are presented with and without such controls.

Ontstaan en vroege ontwikkeling van Kampen

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-87
Author(s):  
JOHANS C.G. KREEK
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Bulk Carrier ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Ex Nihilo ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Town ◽  
River Ijssel

The emergence and early development of Kampen The town Kampen, at the mouth of the river IJssel (The Netherlands), seems to have originated in the 12th century ex nihilo. To explain this enigmatic start, many theories have been proposed. This article attributes its origin to a series of events, that started with the silting up of the Limjefjord after 1120 in the north of Jutland. This fjord was an important connection between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea for the small boats of the Frisian trade. The silting up of the fjord was a direct reason for the creation of the cog, a larger bulk carrier, that could circumnavigate Cape Skagen. Moreover, it could also take a shortcut over high seas to the mouth of the Vlie, and over the Almere to the mouth of the river IJssel. From there, the smaller Frisian ships used to sail over the IJssel to the German Rhine area, which was impossible for the seagoing cog. Therefore, the introduction of the cog prompted the foundation of a port for transshipment in the first half of the 12th century. This means Kampen did already exist as a settlement, when a storm surge in 1170 turned the Almere into the Zuiderzee and the settlement could take advantage of this environmental change.

The case for comparison

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Haour
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
North Western

This chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the comparison of rulers, warriors, traders, and clerics on the central Sahel and the North Sea region. It argues that there was more similarity between north-western Europe and the central Sahel in the few centuries either side of AD 1001 than has hitherto been recognised, and maintains that the nature of the sources has obscured these formative times and left them in the shadow of organised structures. It discusses the interconnectedness of central Sahel and north-west Europe through contacts and shared pre-industrial nature.

scholarly journals IX.—On the Glacial Succession in Europe

1895 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-149
Author(s):  
James Geikie
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Marine Origin ◽  
The North ◽  
Pleistocene Period ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
North Western

For many years geologists have recognised the occurrence of at least two boulder-clays in the British Islands and the corresponding latitudes of the Continent. It is no longer doubted that these are the products of two separate and distinct glacial epochs. This has been demonstrated by the appearance of intercalated deposits of terrestrial, freshwater, or, as the case may be, marine origin. Such interglacial accumulations have been met with again and again in Britain, and they have likewise been detected at many places on the Continent, between the border of the North Sea and the heart of Russia. Their organic contents indicate in some cases cold climatic conditions; in others, they imply a climate not less temperate or even more genial than that which now obtains in the regions where they occur. Nor are such interglacial beds confined to northern and north-western Europe. In the Alpine Lands of the central and southern regions of our Continent they are equally well developed. Impressed by the growing strength of the evidence, it is no wonder that geologists, after a season of doubt, should at last agree in the conclusion that the glacial conditions of the Pleistocene period were interrupted by at least one protracted interglacial epoch. Not a few observers go further, and maintain that the evidence indicates more than this. They hold that three or even more glacial epochs supervened in Pleistocene times. This is the conclusion I reached many years ago, and I now purpose reviewing the evidence which has accumulated since then, in order to show how far it goes to support that conclusion.

scholarly journals Understanding resource driven female–female competition: ovary and liver size in sand gobies

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 190886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora García-Berro ◽  
Johanna Yliportimo ◽  
Kai Lindström ◽  
Charlotta Kvarnemo
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Nest Site ◽  
Operational Sex Ratio ◽  
Female Competition ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Baltic

The operational sex ratio (OSR, ready-to-mate males to females) is a key factor determining mating competition. A shortage of a resource essential for reproduction of one sex can affect OSR and lead to competition within the opposite sex for resource-holding mates. In the sand goby ( Pomatoschistus minutus ), a fish with paternal care, male readiness to mate depends on acquiring a nest-site, whereas food abundance primarily impacts female egg production. Comparing body condition and gonadal investment of fish from two populations with different availability in resources (Baltic Sea: few nest-sites, more food; North Sea: many nest-sites, less food), we predicted females carrying more mature eggs in the Baltic Sea than in the North Sea. As predicted, ovaries were larger in Baltic Sea females, and so was the liver (storage of energy reserves and vitellogenic compounds) for both sexes, but particularly for females. More females were judged (based on roundness scores) to be ready to spawn in the Baltic Sea. Together with a nest colonization experiment confirming a previously documented difference between the two areas in nest-site availability, these results indicate a more female-biased OSR in the Baltic Sea population, compared to the North Sea, and generates a prediction that female–female competition for mating opportunities is stronger in the Baltic population. To our knowledge, this is the first time that female reproductive investment is discussed in relation to OSR using field data.

Iodine-129, Iodine-127 and Cesium-137 in seawater from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

2016 ◽  
Vol 162-163 ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Daraoui ◽  
L. Tosch ◽  
M. Gorny ◽  
R. Michel ◽  
I. Goroncy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
North Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
Cesium 137 ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Baltic
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