Kajian Kualitas Air Laut dan Dosis Cesium 137 Pada Biota di Pantai Gosong, Kalimantan Barat Sebagai Calon Tapak PLTN

KAJIAN KUALITAS AIR LAUT DAN DOSIS CESIUM 137 PADA BIOTA DI PANTAI GOSONG, KALIMANTAN BARAT SEBAGAI CALON TAPAK PLTN. Kondisi awal lingkungan di Pantai Gosong sebagai calon tapak PLTN di Kalimantan Barat sebelum pembangunan dan pengoperasian PLTN penting untuk dilakukan. Salah satu deskripsi lingkungan yang diperlukan namun belum tersedia adalah data radionuklida Cs-137 dan besarnya dosis radiasi Cs-137 terhadap biota laut di perairan laut Pantai Gosong. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan kualitas air termasuk konsentrasi radionuklida Cs-137 di perairan Pantai Gosong dan dosis radiasi Cs-137 terhadap biota lautnya. Penentuan lokasi penelitian didasarkan dengan metode purposive sampling. Metode penelitian meliputi pengendapan Cs-137, pemisahan, pengeringan dan pencacahan dengan spectrometer gamma. Selanjutnya dilakukan simulasi dosis radiasi terhadap biota laut menggunakan perangkat lunak Erica Tools. Parameter kualitas air lainnya diukur menggunakan Water Qulity Mater. Hasil pengukuran empat parameter yang diukur seperti pH, suhu, salinitas dan TDS mempunyai nilai yang serupa dengan penelitian lain pada lokasi yang berdekatan dan tidak terjadi perubahan kualitas lingkungan. Dari aspek radioekologi yang diwakili olah nuklida Cs-137, didapatkan bahwa aktivitasnya di perairan Pantai Gosong hampir sama nilainya dengan penelitian serupa di perairan Indonesia yang sumbernya berasal dari fallout. Dosis radiasi Cs-137 pada biota laut yang berada di perairan Pantai Gosong lebih rendah dari tingkat dosis skrining level.

Monitoring of Radioactive Cesium in Wild Boars Captured Inside the Difficult-To-Return Zone in Fukushima Prefecture Over a Five-Year Period

Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in 2011, tissue samples from wild boar (Sus scrofa) outside the evacuation zone (difficult-to-return zone, DRZ) tended to show high concentrations of cesium-137 (137Cs). Understanding the 137Cs dynamics of wild boar populations inside the DRZ is necessary because they affect 137Cs dynamics and wild boar management in areas outside the DRZ. Since few detailed, long-term studies have been conducted inside the DRZ, we measured 137Cs concentrations in 221 wild boar muscle samples obtained from wild boar caught inside the DRZ and surrounding areas over a five-year period. Our results showed that the 137Cs concentration in wild boar from inside the DRZ were higher than those in wild boar outside this zone. No significant difference was observed between muscle and soil 137Cs levels, but significant correlations were observed between muscle 137Cs concentrations and body length and body weight in the low-concentration season, but not between all seasons and the high-concentration seasons. It is considered that the size effects observed during the low-concentration season may be due to factors related to metabolism and changes in food habit. This is the first long-term survey of 137Cs in wild boar inside the DRZ.

Estimation of radiation-induced health hazards from a “dirty bomb” attack with radiocesium under different assault and rescue conditions

In the case of a terrorist attack by a “dirty bomb”, blast injuries, external irradiation and the incorporation of radioactivity are to be expected. Departing from information about the radiological attack scenario with cesium-137 in the U.S. National Scenario Planning Guide, we estimated the radiological doses absorbed. Similar calculations were performed for a smaller plume size and a detonation in a subway. For conditions as described in the U.S. scenario, the committed effective dose amounted to a maximum of 848 mSv, even for very unfavorable conditions. Red bone marrow equivalent doses are insufficient to induce acute radiation sickness (ARS). In the case of a smaller plume size, the ARS threshold may be exceeded in some cases. In a subway bombing, doses are much higher and the occurrence of ARS should be expected. The health hazards from a dirty bomb attack will depend on the location and the explosive device. The derived Haddon matrix indicates that preparing for such an event includes education of all the medical staff about radiation effects, the time lines of radiation damages and the treatment priorities. Further determinants of the outcome include rapid evacuation even from difficult locations, the availability of a specific triage tool to rapidly identify victims at risk for ARS, the availability of an antidote stockpile and dedicated hospital beds to treat seriously irradiated victims.

Ovarian Malignancies Frequency in the Female Population from the Bryansk Region Living in Conditions of Radioactive, Chemical and Combine Contamination (2000–2020)

Background: Radioactive contamination and chemical pollution of the environment can affect the processes of carcinogenesis, including the formation of malignant neoplasms of the ovaries in women. We used the data of official state statistics for 2000–2020 to test the hypothesis about the effect of radioactive contamination (following the Chernobyl disaster) and chemical pollutants on the incidence of ovarian malignancies in the female population of the Bryansk region. Methods: A variety of statistical approaches were used to estimate the incidence of ovarian malignancies, including the Shapiro–Wilk test, Mann–Whitney U test, Spearman’s rank correlation test and linear regression. Results: We did not establish statistically significant differences in the frequency of primary morbidity of women with malignant neoplasms of the ovaries, regardless of the environmental conditions of living. Furthermore, no significant correlations were found between the frequency of primary morbidity of ovarian malignancies, both with the level of contamination by Cesium-137 and Strontium-90, and air pollution with volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. A statistically significant increase in the long-term trend in the frequency of ovarian malignant neoplasms was revealed in the areas of chemical pollution (p = 0.02), however, in other territories, no statistically significant regularities were established. The forecast of the frequency of newly diagnosed malignant neoplasms of the ovaries on average in the Bryansk region shows an increase of 12.4% in 2020 in comparison with the real data for 2020, while the largest increase in predicted values is recorded in the territories of radioactive contamination (by 79.6%), and the least in the combined territories (by 6.9%). Conclusions: The results obtained indicate the need for further work to understand the trends in the presence/absence of independent and combined effects of pollutants and the growth of oncogynecological pathology from the perspective of assessing the distant and regional metastasis, histological and immunohistochemical profile of a specific malignant ovarian neoplasm with levels of environmental contamination.

DEFINITION OF INDEXES OF SAFETY OF THE FRESH VEGETABLES GROWING IN THE NOVOSIBIRSK REGION

В обороте могут находиться овощи, соответствующие требованиям нормативной документации по химической, радиационной и микробиологической безопасности. Овощи отличаются способностью к накоплению чужеродных, потенциально опасных соединений антропогенного и природного происхождения из-за широкого использования пестицидов, удобрений и т. д. Цель исследования – определить безопасность свежих овощей – кабачков, тыквы, брюквы, свеклы и ревеня, произрастающих в Новосибирском районе Новосибирской области. При выполнении исследований использовали общепринятые методы испытаний. В результате проведенных исследоваий установлено, что в овощах содержание токсичных элементов не превышает регламентируемых ТР ТС 021/2011 «О безопасности пищевой продукции» нормативов: кадмия в кабачках, тыкве, свекле, брюкве и ревене (черешках) соответственно 0,0039, 0,013, 0,011, менее 0,005 мг/кг; свинца – 0,021, 0,016, 0,015, 0,0044, 0,021 мг/кг; мышьяка – менее 0,02 мг/кг (в черешках ревеня – менее 0,04 мг/кг), ртути – менее 0,002 мг/кг. В исследованных овощах пестициды (гексахлорциклогексан (б-, в-, г-изомеры) и ДДТ и его метаболиты) не обнаружены при пределе обнаружения 0,007 мг/кг. Нитраты в черешках ревеня не обнаружены, в свекле их количество составляет 863 мг/кг, что не превышает нормируемых (не более 1400 мг/кг). Содержание цезия-137 в корнеплодах, тыквенных и десертных овощах не превышает регламентируемых нормативной документацией значений и составляет менее 6,7 Бк/кг. В исследованных овощах патогенные микроорганизмы, в том числе сальмонеллы, не обнаружены в 25 г. Свекла, брюква, кабачки, тыква и ревень местного произрастания могут находиться в обороте без каких-либо ограничений при соблюдении условий хранений и рекомендаций по использованию (потреблению), установленных производителем. In circulation can is vegetables, appropriate regulatory requirements on chemical, radiation and microbiological safety. Vegetables differ in ability to accumulate foreign, potentially harmful compounds of anthropogenic and natural origin due to the wide use of pesticides, fertilizers, etc. the purpose of the study is to determine the safety of fresh vegetables (zucchini, pumpkins, rutabagas, beets and rhubarb), grown in the Novosibirsk district of the Novosibirsk region. When performing the research, the commonly used test methods were used. As a result it was ascertained, that in vegetables the maintenance of toxic elements does not exceed regulation TR TS 021/2011 «On food safety» standards: cadmium in zucchini, pumpkin, beets, turnips and rhubarb (petioles), respectively 0,0039, 0,013, 0,011, less than 0,005 mg/kg; lead – 0,021, 0,016, 0,015, 0,0044, 0,021 mg/kg; arsenic – less than 0,02 mg/kg (in the petioles of rhubarb – less than 0,04 mg/kg), mercury – less than 0,002 mg/kg In the studied vegetables pesticides (hexachlorocyclohexane (б-, в-, г-isomers) and DDT and its metabolites) not detected at detection limit 0,007 mg/kg. Nitrates in the stalks of rhubarb are not detected in the roots, their number is 863 mg/kg, not to exceed regulated (not more than 1400 mg/kg). The content of cesium-137 in the roots, pumpkin and sweet vegetables does not exceed the regulated standard documentation values, and is less of 6,7 Bq/kg in the studied vegetables with pathogenic microorganisms, including Salmonella not detected in 25 g. Beets, turnips, zucchini, pumpkin and rhubarb local growth may be in circulation without any restrictions at observance of storage conditions and recommendations for use (consumption) established by the manufacturer.