Avgia Church (Batumi, Georgia)

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-188
Author(s):  
Shota Mamuladze ◽  
Kakhaber Kamadadze ◽  
Emzar Kakhidze
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Powder ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Lime Mortar ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The North ◽  
The Church ◽  
North Western

The church discussed in the paper is situated in Avgia, on the outskirts of Batumi. It is an early Christian period hall-type church with northern and southern wings. The ground plan of the whole structure resembles the well-known layout of the croixlibre. The whole building is 23.85 m long and 19.0 m wide – including the arms. It has a projecting semi-circular apse whose radius is 6.05 m. The main space of the church is divided into three parts. It consists of a transverse hall, which may have operated as a narthex, a hall, and an altar apse. The floor of the structure was covered with pinkish lime mortar, a mixture of small pebbles and ceramic powder. The only central entrance to the church was located on the west side. The northern annex had an entrance in the north-western corner, and the southern one – in the south-eastern corner. The church seems to have been built of rubble stone. The construction style, layout, and archaeological evidence from the site narrow down its chronology to the 5th and 6th centuries AD.

II.—On some recent Discoveries in the Abbey Church of St. Alban

Archaeologia ◽  
1898 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
William Page
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Kind Permission ◽  
West Side ◽  
North West ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Church

When the churchyard on the north side of St. Alban's Abbey was being levelled and turfed last year I was, by the kind permission of the rector and churchwardens and of the Rev. G. H. P. Glossop, M.A. (senior curate, who had generously undertaken the work), enabled to make some excavations to obtain a ground plan of the parochial chapel or parish church of St. Andrew, which adjoined the north-west side of the abbey church. As to the use of such parochial chapels, which existed at so many of the Benedictine houses, I have referred in a paper on this chapel, which I read before the St. Alban's Archæological Society last summer. I may, however, say that the origin probably dates back to the time of the reformation of monastic rule in this country by Dunstan, Oswald, and others, when the inconvenience of the presence of the laity in the monastic churches was first felt. The additional constitutions of the Benedictine Order likewise tended to make the monasteries more exclusive, and disputes arose in consequence between the monks and the laity as to the use of the church, usually ending in a composition being made, under which most of these parochial chapels were built. The first we hear of St. Andrew's chapel is a little while after the dedication of the Norman church of St. Alban in 1115, when we find it was dedicated by Herbert de Losinga, bishop of Norwich. The position of this Norman chapel is not known, but it is evident that its existence was but short, for it was rebuilt and considerably enlarged, apparently at the end of the twelfth or beginning of the thirteenth century by abbots John de Cella and William of Trumpington.

scholarly journals XVI. An Account of the Discovery at Hexham, in the County of Northumberland, of a brass vessel containing a number of the Anglo-Saxon Coins called Stycas; Communicated to the Society of Antiquaries by John Adamson, Esq. M.R.S.L., F.SS.A., London and Edinburgh, F.L.S. Corresp. Memb. Roy. Acad. of Sciences at Lisbon, Memb. of the Roy. Soc. for Ancient Northern Literature at Copenhagen, one of the Secretaries of the Lit. and Phil. Soc. and of the Antiq. Soc. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, &c. &c.

Archaeologia ◽  
1832 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 279-310
Author(s):  
John Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Burial Ground ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
The North ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Newcastle Upon Tyne ◽  
The Church ◽  
Accidental Discovery

The accidental discovery of a number of these Coins, greater than any hitherto made, having been communicated to me by the Reverend William Airey, the Perpetual Curate of Hexham, I am enabled to lay the following account before the Society of Antiquaries.On Monday the fifteenth day of October last, the sexton and his assistant were employed in preparing a grave, at the west side of the north transept of the present church of Hexham, about three yards from the wall. It was in that part of the church-yard now used, which is called the Campey Hill; and which many years ago was an eminence, but has since been levelled; and, though not originally any portion of the burial ground, has been of late years appropriated for that purpose. Why this place received its name of the Campey Hill we have not at the present day the means of ascertaining; but the hill would appear to have been principally formed by the ruins of part of the church, and the consequent accumulations of soil and rubbish since the time at which the Coins were concealed, which was prior to the erection of the present building.

The population of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) in Tulcea county (Romania)

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 351-356
Author(s):  
Sorin Geacu
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
The West ◽  
Spreading Area ◽  
Deer Population ◽  
The North ◽  
Natural Expansion ◽  
North Western

The population of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) in Tulcea county (Romania) The presence of the Red Deer in the North-western parts of Tulcea County is an example of the natural expansion of a species spreading area. In North Dobrogea, this mammal first occurred only forty years ago. The first specimens were spotted on Cocoşul Hill (on the territory of Niculiţel area) in 1970. Peak numbers (68 individuals) were registered in the spring of 1987. The deer population (67 specimens in 2007) of this county extended along 10 km from West to East and 20 km from North to South over a total of 23,000 ha (55% of which was forest land) in the East of the Măcin Mountains and in the West of the Niculiţel Plateau.

Enemies within, Enemies without: the Ideology of a Conservative West-Russianist Newspaper During World War I (1914–1915)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-103
Author(s):  
Aliaksandr Bystryk
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
National Solidarity ◽  
North Western

Abstract This paper deals with the topic of conservative West-Russianist ideology and propaganda during World War I. The author analyzes the most prominent newspaper of the movement at the time – Severo-Zapadnaia Zhizn (The North-Western Life). The discourse of the newspaper is analyzed from the perspective of Belarusian nation-building, as well as from the perspective of Russian nationalism in the borderlands. The author explores the ways in which the creators of the periodical tried to use the rise of the Russian patriotic feelings to their advantage. Appealing to the heightened sense of national solidarity which took over parts of Russian society, the periodical tried to attack, delegitimize and discredit its ideological and political opponents. Besides the obvious external enemy – Germans, Severo-Zapadnaia Zhizn condemned socialists, pacifists, Jews, borderland Poles, Belarusian and Ukrainian national activists, Russian progressives and others, accusing them of disloyalty, lack of patriotism and sometimes even treason. Using nationalist loyalist rhetoric, the West-Russianist newspaper urged the imperial government to act more decisively in its campaign to end ‘alien domination’ in Russian Empire, and specifically to create conditions for domination of ‘native Russian element’ – meaning Belarusian peasantry, in the Belarusian provinces of the empire.

scholarly journals La datation du choeur de l’église de Vaucelles reproduit en plan par Villard de Honnecourt

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-417
Author(s):  
Laurence Terrier Aliferis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Villard De Honnecourt ◽  
The Church

Abstract The ruined Cistercian church of Vaucelles is known only by a few preserved fragments and a plan of the choir reproduced by Villard of Honnecourt. Historical sources provide three key dates: 1190 (start of construction), 1215 (entry into the new church), 1235 (date of the dedication). From the nineteenth century until now, it was considered that the foundations were laid in 1190 and that the construction started on the west side of the church. In 1216, the nave would have been completed, and the choir would have been built between 1216 and 1235. Consultation of the historical sources and examination of the historiographic record changes this established chronology of the site. In fact, the construction proceeded from east to west. The choir reproduced in 1216 or shortly before by Villard de Honnecourt presents the building as it then appeared, with the eastern part of the building totally completed.

scholarly journals The German tolmach: Dmitry Gerasimov and his aliases in the embassy books

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Zimmerling ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
The North ◽  
Russian Author ◽  
The Church ◽  
North Western

I prove that the interpreter of two embassy letters sent from Ivangorod (Jaanilinn) to Moscow in 1505, a certain Dmitry Ščerbaty is identical to the Russian author and diplomat Dmitry Gerasimov. Ščerbaty’s / Gerasimov’s letters have unique features distinguishing them from other embassy letters from the time of Ivan III. The choice of the North-Western dialect form of the 1 Pl. auxiliary есме in the translation of a Latin embassy letter is a footprint of the book author who discard-ed the both the vernacular alternative есмя /есмо as vulgar and the Church Slavonic variant есмы. Evgenij E. Golubin-skij’s conjecture that Gerasimov is mentioned elsewhere in the embassy books as ‘Dmitry Zaecov’ is not justifi ed

Middle, Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sedimentary environments of the Djebel Nefusa region, northwestern Libya

1977 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Richard J. Hodgkinson ◽  
Christopher D. Walley
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Fault Scarp ◽  
The West ◽  
Sedimentary Environments ◽  
The North ◽  
Clastic Sediments ◽  
Stratigraphic Nomenclature ◽  
Saharan Platform ◽  
North Western

Carbonate and clastic sediments of Jurassic and Cretaceous age are exposed along the fault-scarp of Djebel Nefusa in north-western Libya. Previous geological investigations have been mainly restricted to the eastern sector of the scarp. Recent studies by the authors in the western sector of Djebel Nefusa and on equivalent sediments in southern Tunisia have allowed the first regional interpretation of these rocks.The area studied lies geographically and geologically at the edge of the Saharan Platform, a large cratonic block, composed of rocks of Precambrian-Palaeozoic age. To the north and east lies a downfaulted sedimentary basin (Gabes-Sabratha Basin) containing a large thickness of Mesozoic sediments. The location of the sections measured along Djebel Nefusa are depicted in Fig.1.The stratigraphic nomenclature of the rock succession of Djebel Nefusa was first established in the east and continued laterally towards the west by later workers. Difficulties in the application of this nomenclature are presented by the recognition of facies changes previously overlooked by earlier investigators. However, as a framework for understanding these changes and the sedimentary processes which caused them, the stratigraphy erected by Magnier (1963) is adopted.

Afghanistan

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Anthony Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
Soviet Invasion ◽  
The Church

With Turkic and Tajik peoples to the north, Tajiks and Pashtuns in the west, ethnic Hazaras in the central highlands and the Pashtuns to the south and east, Afghanistan’s diversity stems from its history as a regional crossroads. Christianity began in Afghanistan in the fourth century and was later revived by missionaries in the frontier areas, but there was little concerted effort to spread the faith until after 1945, when the Pashtun monarchy sought to modernise Afghanistan. However, the Soviet invasion prompted fighters to repel the forces under the banner of Islam. Amidst a civil war, Christian NGO’s continued until expelled by the Taliban in 2001. The new government allowed Christian NGO’s to expand into new areas of the country. For the sake of believers’ security the most visible fellowships have been limited to foreigners. Most find it difficult to sustain everyday life in the country while openly professing Christianity due to ostracism from society. While Islam has been linked with Afghan identity, worldview has begun to change. Unfortunately, there has been an exodus of Afghan believers, usually after social and legal ostracism. Nevertheless, due to sacrifices by Afghan believers, the church is growing in numbers despite all the challenges.

The Early Expansion of the Kingdom of Mithridates VI

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Duane W. Roller
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side

Mithridates VI the Great began his solidified rule by expanding his kingdom, seemingly with the goal of encircling the Black Sea. He gained possession of the ancient territory of Colchis and then strengthened his predecessors’ control of the Bosporos, on the north side of the sea. He also established a presence on the west side of the sea. The locals on the north side of the sea welcomed the king because they were constantly subject to barbarian pressures. There were also economic benefits to the Pontic kingdom in acquisition of the new territories. Mithridates also established a Pontic presence south and west of his kingdom, in Paphlagonia and Galatia. Yet such aggressive actions by the king were noticed by the Romans, even though the northern Black Sea was not in any region of their direct interest.

Ritual under Change: Mongolian Influences on Horse Races and Mountain Divinity Worship in Tibet

Inner Asia ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373
Author(s):  
Elke Studer
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The Political ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Horse Race ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe article outlines the Mongolian influences on the biggest horse race festival in Nagchu prefecture in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR).Since old times these horse races have been closely linked to the worship of the local mountain deity by the patrilineal nomadic clans of the South-Eastern Changthang, the North Tibetan plain. In the seventeenth century the West Mongol chieftain Güüshi Khan shaped the history of Tibet. To support his political claims, he enlarged the horse race festival's size and scale, and had his troops compete in the different horse race and archery competitions in Nagchu. Since then, the winners of the big race are celebrated side by side with the political achievements and claims of the central government in power.

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