REGULATION OF BREATHING IN THE EXTENDED RANGE

In modern physiology, very simplified perceptions of such an essential system for the body as the respiratory system have taken root. The system analysis showed that at a physical load of more than 50 W, the tissue respiratory subsystem is activated, providing a volume blood flow rate adequate to the amount of oxygen consumed, and in the external respiratory subsystem the regulation on oxygen voltage in arterial blood is activated, and the regulation on carbon dioxide voltage is deactivated. The role of respiratory frequency in increasing the rate of diffusion through the alveolar capillary membrane is shown. For physiologists, medical professionals and trainers.

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FEATURES OF REGULATION OF BREATH

EurasianUnionScientists ◽

10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.2.78.1189 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (9(78)) ◽

pp. 31-38

Author(s):

G. Vasilyev

Keyword(s):

System Analysis ◽

Blood Flow Rate ◽

The Body ◽

Medical Professionals ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Capillary Membrane ◽

Volume Blood ◽

Volume Blood Flow ◽

Alveolar Capillary

In modern physiology, very simplified perceptions of such an essential system for the body as the respiratory system have taken root. The system analysis showed that at a physical load of more than 50 W, the tissue respiratory subsystem is activated, providing a volume blood flow rate adequate to the amount of oxygen consumed, and in the external respiratory subsystem the regulation on oxygen voltage in arterial blood is activated, and the regulation on carbon dioxide voltage is deactivated. The role of respiratory frequency in increasing the rate of diffusion through the alveolar capillary membrane is shown. For physiologists, medical professionals and trainers.

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Diffusion Limitation—Montana Style

Just Enough Physiology ◽

10.1093/med/9780199797790.003.0017 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 135-140

Author(s):

James R. Munis

Keyword(s):

Transport Process ◽

Convective Transport ◽

The Body ◽

Peripheral Tissue ◽

Diffusion Limitation ◽

Capillary Membrane ◽

Alveolar Capillary

The pathway of oxygen through the body consists of the diffusion of oxygen across the alveolar-capillary membrane and then the peripheral tissue membranes, followed by the convective transport of oxygen in the blood. Any transport process will have its choke points and limitations. In the case of oxygen, the constraints can take 1 of 2 forms, perfusion limitation or diffusion limitation.

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Effect of temperature on arterial blood gas tensions and pH during exercise

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.243 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 243-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Alf Holmgren ◽

Malcolm B. McIlroy

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Bicycle Ergometer ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Membrane Diffusion ◽

Arterial Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Capillary Membrane ◽

Severe Exercise ◽

Alveolar Capillary

We measured arterial blood Po2, Pco2 and pH at rest and during a standard exercise test on a bicycle ergometer in ten normal subjects. In five we measured esophageal and five arterial blood temperature during the exercise and corrected the arterial blood values to the temperature at the time the samples were collected. We found an average rise in temperature of 1 C (range 0.2–1.6 C) during exercise lasting about 30 min at loads up to an average of 1,200 kg-m/min. At the highest load the average correction for PaOO2 was 5.6 mm Hg, for PaCOCO2 1.6 mm Hg and for pH 0.014 units. Our corrected values showed a fall in PaCOCO2 and pH and a rise in PaOO2 during severe exercise. These findings are compatible with the development of a metabolic acidosis during severe exercise and indicate that our subjects were not limited by diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane. metabolic acidosis; alveolar capillary membrane diffusion; hyperventilation; PaOO2 and PaCOCO2 in severe exercise Submitted on June 17, 1963

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Pulmonary diffusing capacity and capillary blood volume in normal and anemic dogs

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1965.20.1.113 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 113-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Denise Jouasset-Strieder ◽

John M. Cahill ◽

John J. Byrne ◽

Edward A. Gaensler

Keyword(s):

Blood Volume ◽

Capillary Blood ◽

Diffusing Capacity ◽

Alveolar Volume ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Pulmonary Capillary ◽

Capillary Membrane ◽

Capillary Blood Volume ◽

The Mean ◽

Alveolar Capillary

The CO diffusing capacity (Dl) was measured by the single-breath method in eight anesthetized dogs. Pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) and membrane diffusing capacity (Dm) were determined in six animals by the method of Roughton and Forster. The studies were repeated after anemia had been induced by replacing whole blood with plasma. Large dogs were selected with a mean body weight of 29 kg and a mean alveolar volume of 2,020 ml (STPD) during tests. The mean arterial blood Hb decreased from 14.3 to 6.6 g/100 ml, the mean Dl from 27 to 12 ml/min mm Hg, and the mean Dm from 100 to 47 ml/min mm Hg. Vc averaged 67 ml in the control state and was not significantly changed during anemia. Reductions in Dl and Dm during anemia were proportional to the fall in blood Hb. Both Dl and Dm in all dogs, normal and anemic, were proportional to the volume of red blood cells in the lung capillaries (Vrbc). These results suggest that Vrbc might be an estimate of the useful area of the alveolar-capillary membrane while Dm/Vrbc should vary with changes in its thickness. The latter was not altered by anemia. alveolar capillary membrane; pulmonary membrane; diffusing capacity; pulmonary capillary RBC volume; pulmonary diffusion pathway; carbon monoxide Submitted on March 2, 1964

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Renal Response to Nonshocking Hemorrhage: the Role of Intrarenal Shunts

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.193.2.360 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 193 (2) ◽

pp. 360-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Allan V. N. Goodyer ◽

Louis R. Mattie ◽

Allen Chetrick

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Body Weight ◽

Arterial Pressure ◽

The Body ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Anesthetized Dogs ◽

Renal Innervation ◽

Aortic Obstruction

In anesthetized dogs, bleeding (1.5–3% of the body weight) was allowed while renal arterial pressure was maintained at constant levels by graded changes of mechanical aortic obstruction. The renal hematocrit decreased, (as measured with I131 albumin and acid hematin, and as compared to the blood hematocrit), primarily as a result of an increased renal plasma volume. These changes are correlated with previously identified alterations of sodium excretion, all independent of renal innervation or arterial blood pressure. It is proposed that hemorrhage may involve an intrarenal redistribution of blood flow favoring diversion of plasma to cell-poor capillaries or to lymphatic spaces.

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Assessment of alveolar-capillary membrane permeability of dogs by aerosolization

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1981.51.4.955 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 955-962 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

G. J. Huchon ◽

J. W. Little ◽

J. F. Murray

Keyword(s):

Membrane Permeability ◽

Left Atrial ◽

Volume Of Distribution ◽

The Body ◽

Atrial Pressure ◽

Left Atrial Pressure ◽

Pressure Groups ◽

Capillary Membrane ◽

Anesthetized Dogs ◽

Alveolar Capillary

We developed a method for measuring an index of alveolar-capillary membrane permeability (PI) by aerosolizing a mixture of 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Tc-DTPA) and 125I-antipyrine (I-AP) and injecting 111In-DTPA (In-DTPA). The I-AP was used to compute the quantity of Tc-DTPA delivered and the In-DTPA the quantity of Tc-DTPA in the body. The PI was the ratio of the uptake of Tc-DTPA per minute to the amount deposited at the end of aerosolization. In 14 anesthetized dogs we measured the volume of distribution of I-AP (0.54 +/- 0.034 l/kg body wt) and/or showed that the volumes of distribution of Tc-DTPA and In-DTPA were similar. We measured PI in four groups of dogs: control (n = 5), oleic acid (n = 5), hydrochloric acid (n = 6), and high left atrial pressure (n = 5). The PI increased significantly in both groups with acid-induced increased permeability compared with the control and high left atrial pressure groups, which did not differ from each other. We conclude that the aerosolization method is suitable for differentiating increased from normal permeability.

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Sedating Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients with Volatile Anesthetics: Insights on the Last-Minute Potential Weapons

Scientia Pharmaceutica ◽

10.3390/scipharm89010006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Aiman Suleiman ◽

Abdallah Barjas Qaswal ◽

Mazen Alnouti ◽

Moh’d Yousef ◽

Bayan Suleiman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Ventilation ◽

Membrane Integrity ◽

Inflammatory Cells ◽

Volatile Anesthetics ◽

Mechanically Ventilated ◽

Capillary Membrane ◽

Potential Therapeutic Role ◽

Late Stages ◽

Alveolar Capillary

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally with the number of cases exceeding seventy million. Although trials on potential treatments of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) are promising, the introduction of an effective therapeutic intervention seems elusive. In this review, we explored the potential therapeutic role of volatile anesthetics during mechanical ventilation in the late stages of the disease. COVID-19 is thought to hit the human body via five major mechanisms: direct viral damage, immune overactivation, capillary thrombosis, loss of alveolar capillary membrane integrity, and decreased tissue oxygenation. The overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines will eventually lead to the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lungs, which will lead to ARDS requiring mechanical ventilation. Respiratory failure resulting from ARDS is thought to be the most common cause of death in COVID-19. The literature suggests that these effects could be directly countered by using volatile anesthetics for sedation. These agents possess multiple properties that affect viral replication, immunity, and coagulation. They also have proven benefits at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. Based on the comprehensive understanding of the literature, short-term sedation with volatile anesthetics may be beneficial in severe stages of COVID-19 ARDS and trials to study their effects should be encouraged.

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Albuterol Improves Alveolar-Capillary Membrane Conductance in Healthy Humans

Clinical Medicine Insights Circulatory Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine ◽

10.4137/ccrpm.s30251 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. CCRPM.S30251 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Natalie E. Taylor ◽

Sarah E. Baker ◽

Thomas P. Olson ◽

Sophie Lalande ◽

Bruce D. Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Normal Saline ◽

Membrane Conductance ◽

Forced Expiratory Volume ◽

The Body ◽

Alveolar Cells ◽

Lung Fluid ◽

Healthy Humans ◽

Capillary Membrane ◽

Capillary Blood Volume ◽

Alveolar Capillary

Background Beta-2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) are located throughout the body including airway and alveolar cells. The β2ARs regulate lung fluid clearance through a variety of mechanisms including ion transport on alveolar cells and relaxation of the pulmonary lymphatics. We examined the effect of an inhaled β2-agonist (albuterol) on alveolar-capillary membrane conductance (DM) and pulmonary capillary blood volume ( VC) in healthy humans. Methods We assessed the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and nitric oxide (DLNO) at baseline, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes following nebulized albuterol (2.5 mg, diluted in 3 mL normal saline) in 45 healthy subjects. Seventeen subjects repeated these measures following nebulized normal saline (age = 27 ± 9 years, height = 165 ± 21 cm, weight = 68 ± 12 kg, BMI = 26 ± 9 kg/m2). Cardiac output (Q), heart rate, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), blood pressure, oxygen saturation, forced expiratory volume at one-second (FEV1), and forced expiratory flow at 50% of forced vital capacity (FEF50) were assessed at baseline, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes following the administration of albuterol or saline. Results Albuterol resulted in a decrease in SVR, and an increase in Q, FEV1, and FEF50 compared to saline controls. Albuterol also resulted in a decrease in VC at 60 minutes post albuterol. Both albuterol and normal saline resulted in no change in DLCO or DM when assessed alone, but a significant increase was observed in DM when accounting for changes in VC. Conclusion These data suggest that nebulized albuterol improves pulmonary function in healthy humans, while nebulization of both albuterol and saline results in an increase in DM/ VC.

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ROLE OF THE FAMILY PHYSICIAN IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH POLYTRAUMA ON THE OBESITY BACKGROUND ON AN AMBULATORY STAGE

Wiadomości Lekarskie ◽

10.36740/wlek201904124 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 631-634

Author(s):

Sergii D. Khimich ◽

Orest M. Chemerys

Keyword(s):

Family Physician ◽

System Analysis ◽

Muscle Tone ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Family Physicians ◽

Pharmacological Therapy ◽

The Body ◽

Outpatient Basis ◽

The Family

Introduction: Obesity rates have continued to increase recently, what is connected to the reduction of physical activity of population. The aim: To determine the peculiarities of treatment of patients with obesity, who sustained a severe concomitant body trauma on an outpatient basis by family physicians. Materials and methods: Clinical material composed of 67 patients who sustained severe concomitant body trauma. Results: On the grounds of the long-term outcomes assessment cards developed by us, treatment of the severe concomitant trauma in persons with obesity, we found typical complications of the traumatic disease, which family physicians faced on an ambulatory stage. These cards contained by system analysis of consequences of the sustained polytrauma on the systems and organs respectively to the body mass index meaning. In general, treatment of such patients was complex and included applying of the diet therapy (a low-calorie diet with enough protein, vitamins and low levels of animal fats and carbohydrates, especially easily digestible), pharmacological therapy (antibiotics, mucolytics, solvents) as well as therapeutic exercise, which played almost dominant role. In particular, therapeutic massage was prescribed for improvement of general body tone, activation of peripheral circulation and lymph flow, oxidation-reduction and metabolic processes, retroaction to the impaired motor-evacuation function of the large intestine, eliminating fatigue and increasing muscle tone and functioning. Conclusions: Role of the family physician in the process of traumatic disease treatment is especially important and lies in the organization of medical treatment of patients on an ambulatory stage.

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