scholarly journals Effect of Exogenous Long-Chain Fatty Acids on Lipid Biosynthesis in Dispersed Ruminant Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells: Esterification of Long-Chain Exogenous Fatty Acids

1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1344-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Otto Hansen ◽  
Jens Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lipid Biosynthesis ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Medium- and Long-Chain Fatty Acids Differentially Modulate Interleukin-8 Secretion in Human Fetal Intestinal Epithelial Cells

2000 ◽  
Vol 130 (11) ◽  
pp. 2636-2640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Andoh ◽  
Hiroki Takaya ◽  
Yoshio Araki ◽  
Tomoyuki Tsujikawa ◽  
Yoshihide Fujiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Interleukin 8 ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals A Review of the Metabolic Origins of Milk Fatty Acids

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamaria COZMA ◽  
Doina MIERE ◽  
Lorena FILIP ◽  
Sanda ANDREI ◽  
Roxana BANC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Ruminal Biohydrogenation ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Milk fat and its fatty acid profile are important determinants of the technological, sensorial, and nutritional properties of milk and dairy products. The two major processes contributing to the presence of fatty acids in ruminant milk are the mammary lipogenesis and the lipid metabolism in the rumen. Among fatty acids, 4:0 to 12:0, almost all 14:0 and about a half of 16:0 in milk fat derive from de novo synthesis within the mammary gland. De novo synthesis utilizes as precursors acetate and butyrate produced through carbohydrates ruminal fermentation and involves acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase as key enzymes. The rest of 16:0 and all of the long-chain fatty acids derive from mammary uptake of circulating lipoproteins and nonesterified fatty acids that originate from digestive absorption of lipids and body fat mobilization. Further, long-chain fatty acids as well as medium-chain fatty acids entering the mammary gland can be desaturated via Δ-9 desaturase, an enzyme that acts by adding a cis-9-double bond on the fatty acid chain. Moreover, ruminal biohydrogenation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of numerous fatty acids available for incorporation into milk fat. Ruminal biohydrogenation is performed by rumen microbial population as a means of protection against the toxic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Within the rumen microorganisms, bacteria are principally responsible for ruminal biohydrogenation when compared to protozoa and anaerobic fungi.

The recognition of long chain fatty acids on the intestinal epithelial cells

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
N. Takahashi ◽  
T. Shitani ◽  
K. Murota ◽  
T. Kawada ◽  
N.A. Abumrad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Interactions of insulin, corticosterone and prolactin in promoting milk-fat synthesis by mammary explants from pregnant rabbits

1972 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 929-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel A. Forsyth ◽  
Christopher R. Strong ◽  
Raymond Dils
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

1. The rate of fatty acid synthesis by mammary explants from rabbits pregnant for 16 days or from rabbits pseudopregnant for 11 days was stimulated up to 15-fold by culturing for 2–4 days with prolactin. This treatment initiated the predominant synthesis of C8:0 and C10:0 fatty acids, which are characteristic of rabbit milk. 2. Inclusion of insulin in the culture medium increased the rate of synthesis of these medium-chain fatty acids. By contrast the inclusion of corticosterone led to the predominant synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. When explants were cultured for 2–4 days with insulin, corticosterone and prolactin, the rate of fatty acid synthesis increased up to 42-fold, but both medium- and long-chain fatty acids were synthesized. 3. These results show that the stimulus to mammary-gland lipogenesis and the initiation of synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids observed between days 16 and 23 of pregnancy in the rabbit can be simulated in vitro by prolactin alone. 4. When mammary explants from rabbits pregnant for 23 days were cultured for 2 days with insulin, corticosterone and prolactin, the rate of fatty acid synthesis increased fivefold, but there was a preferential synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. Culture with prolactin alone had little effect on the rate or pattern of fatty acids synthesized. 5. The results are compared with findings in vivo on the control of lipogenesis in the rabbit mammary gland, and are contrasted with the known effects of hormones in vitro on the mammary gland of the mid-pregnant mouse.

scholarly journals Intestinal Long-Chain Fatty Acids Act as a Direct Signal To Modulate Expression of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Type III Secretion System

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yekaterina A. Golubeva ◽  
Jeremy R. Ellermeier ◽  
Jessica E. Cott Chubiz ◽  
James M. Slauch
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Type Iii Secretion System ◽  
Pathogenicity Island ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium uses the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) type III secretion system (T3SS) to induce inflammatory diarrhea and bacterial uptake into intestinal epithelial cells. The expression of hilA , encoding the transcriptional activator of the T3SS structural genes, is directly controlled by three AraC-like regulators, HilD, HilC, and RtsA, each of which can activate hilD , hilC , rtsA , and hilA genes, forming a complex feed-forward regulatory loop. Expression of the SPI1 genes is tightly controlled by numerous regulatory inputs to ensure proper timing in production of the T3SS apparatus. Loss of FadD, an acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) synthetase required for degradation of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), was known to decrease hilA expression. We show that free external LCFAs repress expression of hilA independently of FadD and the LCFA degradation pathway. Genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that LCFAs act directly to block primarily HilD activity. Further analyses show that in the absence of FadD, hilA expression is downregulated due to endogenous production of free LCFAs, which are excreted into the culture medium via TolC and then transported back into the bacterial cell via FadL. A fadL mutant is more virulent than the wild-type strain in mouse oral competition assays independently of LCFA degradation, showing that, in the host, dietary LCFAs serve as a signal for proper regulation of SPI1 expression, rather than an energy source. IMPORTANCE To cause disease, Salmonella must respond to diverse environmental cues to express its invasion machinery at the appropriate location in the host intestine. We show that host intestinal free long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) affect Salmonella invasion by reducing expression of the SPI1 type III secretion system, acting primarily via the AraC-like activator HilD. Degradation of LCFAs is not required for this regulation, showing that free LCFAs serve as a cue to proper intestinal localization to invade host epithelial cells and not as a nutrient source.

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