Depth perception and three dimensional display. 3 Dimensional display. 2. 3 dimensional visual communication.

Abstract OBJECTIVE We describe a novel 3-dimensional (3-D) stereoendoscope and discuss our early experience using it to provide improved depth perception during transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. METHODS Thirteen patients underwent endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. A 6.5-, 4.9-, or 4.0-mm, 0- and 30-degree rigid 3-D stereoendoscope (Visionsense, Ltd., Petach Tikva, Israel) was used in all cases. The endoscope is based on “compound eye” technology, incorporating a microarray of lenses. Patients were followed prospectively and compared with a matched group of patients who underwent endoscopic surgery with a 2-dimensional (2-D) endoscope. Surgeon comfort and/or complaints regarding the endoscope were recorded. RESULTS The 3-D endoscope was used as the sole method of visualization to remove 10 pituitary adenomas, 1 cystic xanthogranuloma, 1 metastasis, and 1 cavernous sinus hemangioma. Improved depth perception without eye strain or headache was noted by the surgeons. There were no intraoperative complications. All patients without cavernous sinus extension (7of 9 patients) had gross tumor removal. There were no significant differences in operative time, length of stay, or extent of resection compared with cases in which a 2-D endoscope was used. Subjective depth perception was improved compared with standard 2-D scopes. CONCLUSION In this first reported series of purely 3-D endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, we demonstrate subjectively improved depth perception and excellent outcomes with no increase in operative time. Three-dimensional endoscopes may become the standard tool for minimal access neurosurgery.

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Special edition. Application of three-dimensional display. Fundamentals of depth perception.

The Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan ◽

10.3169/itej1978.41.604 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 41 (7) ◽

pp. 604-609 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hideo Kusaka

Keyword(s):

Depth Perception ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Special Edition ◽

Three Dimensional Display

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Head to Head Comparison between Different 3-Dimensional Echocardiographic Rendering Tools in the Imaging of Percutaneous Edge-to-Edge Mitral Valve Repair

Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease ◽

10.3390/jcdd8070073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Gloria Tamborini ◽

Valentina Mantegazza ◽

Anna Garlaschè ◽

Manuela Muratori ◽

Laura Fusini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mitral Valve ◽

Depth Perception ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Percutaneous Treatment ◽

Anatomical Structure ◽

Severe Mitral Regurgitation ◽

Valve Repair ◽

3 Dimensional ◽

Incremental Value ◽

Before And After

MitraClip (MC) is the most common percutaneous treatment for severe mitral regurgitation (MR). An accurate two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiographic (3DTEE) imaging is mandatory for the optimal procedural result. Recently transillumination 3DTEE rendering (3DTr) has been introduced integrating a virtual light source into the dataset and with the addition of glass effect (3DGl) allows to adjust tissue transparency improving depth perception and anatomical structure delineation in comparison with the standard 3DTEE (3DSt). The aim of this retrospective study in 30 patients undergoing MC, was to compare 3DSt, 3DTr, and 3DGl in mitral valve (MV) evaluation and procedural result assessment. 3DTEE acquisitions obtained before and after MC were processed with 3DSt, 3DTr, and 3DGl rendering. Each reconstruction was scored for quality and for ability to recognize MV anatomy, MR origin, clip position, dimension and grasping. Imaging quality was judged good or optimal in 52%, 76%, and 96% in 3DSt, 3DTr, and 3DGl reconstructions respectively. In 26/30 patients a diagnostic incremental value was found with 3DTr vs. 3DSt and in 15/26 with 3DGl vs. 3DTr and 3DSt. Only 3DGl with perpendicular cropping of the clip allowed to visualize and measure the grasped portion of each mitral leaflets. 3DTEE imaging during MC may be improved by 3DTr and 3DGl providing a better evaluation of MV, of leaflet grasping and of residual MR jets after MC.

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Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Using Stereo Pairs from Serial Thick Sections

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100080249 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 562-563

Author(s):

Robert Glaeser ◽

Thomas Bauer ◽

David Grano

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Serial Sections ◽

Thin Sections ◽

3 Dimensional ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Dimensional Reconstruction ◽

Stereo Imagery ◽

Whole Mounts

In transmission electron microscopy, the 3-dimensional structure of an object is usually obtained in one of two ways. For objects which can be included in one specimen, as for example with elements included in freeze- dried whole mounts and examined with a high voltage microscope, stereo pairs can be obtained which exhibit the 3-D structure of the element. For objects which can not be included in one specimen, the 3-D shape is obtained by reconstruction from serial sections. However, without stereo imagery, only detail which remains constant within the thickness of the section can be used in the reconstruction; consequently, the choice is between a low resolution reconstruction using a few thick sections and a better resolution reconstruction using many thin sections, generally a tedious chore. This paper describes an approach to 3-D reconstruction which uses stereo images of serial thick sections to reconstruct an object including detail which changes within the depth of an individual thick section.

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Design and calibration of an IVEM for general 3-dimensional imaging of non-diffracting materials

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100129838 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1040-1041

Author(s):

Neil Rowlands ◽

Jeff Price ◽

Michael Kersker ◽

Seichi Suzuki ◽

Steve Young ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Imaging ◽

Tomographic Reconstruction ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

3 Dimensional ◽

3D Microstructure ◽

Image Translation ◽

Digital Correlation ◽

On Line ◽

Mechanical Stage ◽

Projection Angle

Three-dimensional (3D) microstructure visualization on the electron microscope requires that the sample be tilted to different positions to collect a series of projections. This tilting should be performed rapidly for on-line stereo viewing and precisely for off-line tomographic reconstruction. Usually a projection series is collected using mechanical stage tilt alone. The stereo pairs must be viewed off-line and the 60 to 120 tomographic projections must be aligned with fiduciary markers or digital correlation methods. The delay in viewing stereo pairs and the alignment problems in tomographic reconstruction could be eliminated or improved by tilting the beam if such tilt could be accomplished without image translation.A microscope capable of beam tilt with simultaneous image shift to eliminate tilt-induced translation has been investigated for 3D imaging of thick (1 μm) biologic specimens. By tilting the beam above and through the specimen and bringing it back below the specimen, a brightfield image with a projection angle corresponding to the beam tilt angle can be recorded (Fig. 1a).

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Three-dimensional image analysis and visualization in confocal light microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100146631 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 158-159

Author(s):

J. K. Samarabandu ◽

R. Acharya ◽

D. R. Pareddy ◽

P. C. Cheng

Keyword(s):

Depth Perception ◽

Computer Graphic ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cellular Organization ◽

Data Set ◽

Computational Burden ◽

Interactive Operation ◽

Cell Organization ◽

Confocal Images ◽

3D Digitization

In the study of cell organization in a maize meristem, direct viewing of confocal optical sections in 3D (by means of 3D projection of the volumetric data set, Figure 1) becomes very difficult and confusing because of the large number of nucleus involved. Numerical description of the cellular organization (e.g. position, size and orientation of each structure) and computer graphic presentation are some of the solutions to effectively study the structure of such a complex system. An attempt at data-reduction by means of manually contouring cell nucleus in 3D was reported (Summers et al., 1990). Apart from being labour intensive, this 3D digitization technique suffers from the inaccuracies of manual 3D tracing related to the depth perception of the operator. However, it does demonstrate that reducing stack of confocal images to a 3D graphic representation helps to visualize and analyze complex tissues (Figure 2). This procedure also significantly reduce computational burden in an interactive operation.

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