A systematic review of spinal fMRI research: outlining the elements of experimental design

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (Suppl1) ◽  
pp. 102-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Cadotte ◽  
Patrick W. Stroman ◽  
David Mikulis ◽  
Michael G. Fehlings
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Human Spinal Cord ◽  
Published Report ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Fmri ◽  
Injury Research ◽  
Stimulation Paradigm

Object Since the first published report of spinal functional MRI (fMRI) in humans in 1996, this body of literature has grown substantially. In the present article, the authors systematically review all spinal fMRI studies conducted in healthy individuals with a focus on the different motor and sensory paradigms used and the results acquired. Methods The authors conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE for literature published from 1990 through November 2011 reporting on stimulation paradigms used to assess spinal fMRI scans in healthy individuals. Results They identified 19 peer-reviewed studies from 1996 to the present in which a combination of different spinal fMRI methods were used to investigate the spinal cord in healthy individuals. Eight of the studies used a motor stimulation paradigm, 10 used a sensory stimulation paradigm, and 1 compared motor and sensory stimulation paradigms. Conclusions Despite differences in the results of various studies, even when similar stimulation paradigms were used, this body of literature underscores that spinal fMRI signals can be obtained from the human spinal cord. The authors intend this review to serve as an introduction to spinal fMRI research and what it may offer the field of spinal cord injury research.

scholarly journals Assessing Nociception by Fmri of the Human Spinal Cord: A Systematic Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 8s1 ◽  
pp. MRI.S23556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany A. Kolesar ◽  
Kirsten M. Fiest ◽  
Stephen D. Smith ◽  
Jennifer Kornelsen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Reference Lists ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Noxious Stimulation ◽  
Human Spinal Cord ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Fmri

Objective To assess the use of fMRI of the spinal cord in measuring noxious stimulation. Methods The Scopus, Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched, along with the reference lists of included articles. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts, full-text articles, and extracted data. Original research was included if fMRI of the human spinal cord was used to measure responses to noxious stimulation. Results Of the 192 abstracts screened, 19 met the search criteria and were divided according to their focus: investigating pain responses ( n = 6), methodology ( n = 6), spinal cord injury ( n = 2), or cognition–pain interactions ( n = 5). All but one study appear to have observed activity in ipsilateral and dorsal gray matter regions in response to noxious stimuli, although contralateral or ventral activity was also widely observed. Conclusions Although nociception can be investigated using spinal fMRI, establishing reliability, standardizing methodology, and reporting of results will greatly advance this field.

scholarly journals The Animal Model of Spinal Cord Injury as an Experimental Pain Model

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Nakae ◽  
Kunihiro Nakai ◽  
Kenji Yano ◽  
Ko Hosokawa ◽  
Masahiko Shibata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Pain Model ◽  
Human Spinal Cord ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Injury Research ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Injury Models

Pain, which remains largely unsolved, is one of the most crucial problems for spinal cord injury patients. Due to sensory problems, as well as motor dysfunctions, spinal cord injury research has proven to be complex and difficult. Furthermore, many types of pain are associated with spinal cord injury, such as neuropathic, visceral, and musculoskeletal pain. Many animal models of spinal cord injury exist to emulate clinical situations, which could help to determine common mechanisms of pathology. However, results can be easily misunderstood and falsely interpreted. Therefore, it is important to fully understand the symptoms of human spinal cord injury, as well as the various spinal cord injury models and the possible pathologies. The present paper summarizes results from animal models of spinal cord injury, as well as the most effective use of these models.

scholarly journals The neurological level of spinal cord injury and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Spinal Cord ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Francis Raguindin ◽  
Gion Fränkl ◽  
Oche Adam Itodo ◽  
Alessandro Bertolo ◽  
Ramona Maria Zeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Cord Injury

Abstract Study design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Objective To determine the difference in cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, lipid profile, and markers of glucose metabolism and inflammation) according to the neurological level of spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods We searched 5 electronic databases from inception until July 4, 2020. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers using a pre-defined data collection form. The pooled effect estimate was computed using random-effects models, and heterogeneity was calculated using I2 statistic and chi-squared test (CRD42020166162). Results We screened 4863 abstracts, of which 47 studies with 3878 participants (3280 males, 526 females, 72 sex unknown) were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to paraplegia, individuals with tetraplegia had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure (unadjusted weighted mean difference, −14.5 mmHg, 95% CI −19.2, −9.9; −7.0 mmHg 95% CI −9.2, −4.8, respectively), lower triglycerides (−10.9 mg/dL, 95% CI −19.7, −2.1), total cholesterol (−9.9 mg/dL, 95% CI −14.5, −5.4), high-density lipoprotein (−1.7 mg/dL, 95% CI −3.3, −0.2) and low-density lipoprotein (−5.8 mg/dL, 95% CI −9.0, −2.5). Comparing individuals with high- vs. low-thoracic SCI, persons with higher injury had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure (−10.3 mmHg, 95% CI −13.4, −7.1; −5.3 mmHg 95% CI −7.5, −3.2, respectively), while no differences were found for low-density lipoprotein, serum glucose, insulin, and inflammation markers. High heterogeneity was partially explained by age, prevalent cardiovascular diseases and medication use, body mass index, sample size, and quality of studies. Conclusion In SCI individuals, the level of injury may be an additional non-modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Future well-designed longitudinal studies with sufficient follow-up and providing sex-stratified analyses should confirm our findings and explore the role of SCI level in cardiovascular health and overall prognosis and survival.

Physiotherapy interventions for the treatment of spasticity in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review

Spinal Cord ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Henrique Ferreira de Araujo Barbosa ◽  
Joanne V. Glinsky ◽  
Emerson Fachin-Martins ◽  
Lisa A. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Cord Injury
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