Epidemiology of spinal injury in childhood and adolescence in the United States: 1997–2012

OBJECTIVEThere has been no successful study of trends in population-based incidences of pediatric spinal injury in the United States. The goal of the current study was to develop robust data to correct this deficiency in contemporary trauma epidemiology.METHODSDischarges coded for spinal injury were extracted from the Kids’ Inpatient Database for 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012 for patients younger than 18 years. Childhood was defined as ages 0 through 14 years and adolescence as ages 15, 16, and 17 years. Denominator population data were taken from the website of the US Census. Annual incidences were estimated for hospitalization for spinal injury, spinal cord injury (SCI), and hospital death with spinal injury. Mechanistic and anatomical patterns of injury were studied.RESULTSThe annual population-based incidences of hospitalization for spinal injury, SCI, and death with spinal injury trended downward from 1997 to 2012 for children and adolescents in the United States. Rates of SCI and death fell faster than overall hospitalization rates, suggesting lower thresholds for admission or greater diagnostic sensitivity to minor injuries over time. The incidence of hospitalization for spinal injury was roughly 8 times greater for adolescents than for children, and the incidence of SCI was roughly 6 times greater. Motor vehicle crash predominated among mechanisms for both children and adolescents, but penetrating injuries and sport injuries were more commonly associated with SCI. Lumbosacral injuries predominated in both children and adolescents, but injuries of the cervical spine were more commonly associated with SCI.CONCLUSIONSFurther research is needed to identify the cause or causes of the observed decline in injury rates. Epidemiological data can inform and support prevention efforts.