scholarly journals The central sulcal vein: a landmark for identification of the central sulcus using functional magnetic resonance imaging

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. E2
Author(s):  
Tarek Ahmed Yousry ◽  
Urs Dieter Schmid ◽  
Dorothea Schmidt ◽  
Thomas Hagen ◽  
Andre Jassoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Central Sulcus ◽  
Postcentral Gyrus ◽  
Functional Mr Imaging ◽  
Intraoperative Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Hand Area

The authors evaluated the anatomical location of the central sulcus (CS) in 24 cerebral hemispheres (eight in which tumors were located centrally, 16 in controls) using: 1) classic anatomical landmarks seen on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (24 hemispheres); 2) functional MR imaging (24 hemispheres); and 3) intraoperative electrical stimulation mapping (eight hemispheres). On MR imaging the CS was identified with certainty in 79% of hemispheres (four of eight in patients, 15 of 16 in controls). Functional MR imaging identified a parenchymal “motor hand area” in only 83% (20 of 24 hemispheres; five of eight in patients, 15 of 16 in controls); this area was located in the precentral gyrus in 16 (80%) of 20, additionally in the postcentral gyrus in 10 (50%) of 20, and exclusively in the postcentral gyrus in four (20%) of 20. In contrast, functional MR imaging detected one to three sulcal veins presumably draining blood from the adjacent motor hand area in 100% (24 of 24) of the hemispheres studied, and anatomical MR imaging and intraoperative mapping localized these veins in the CS. It is concluded that sulcal veins lying deep within the CS: 1) drain activated blood from the adjacent pre- or postcentral cortex during performance of a motor hand task; 2) can be identified easily with functional MR imaging; and 3) are an anatomical landmark for noninvasive indentification of the CS, and thus the sensorimotor strip. The detection of these veins provides a more consistent landmark than the detection of parenchymal motor areas by functional MR imaging; this technique may be used when classic anatomical landmarks fail to identify the sensorimotor strip.

The central sulcal vein: a landmark for identification of the central sulcus using functional magnetic resonance imaging

1996 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Ahmed Yousry ◽  
Urs Dieter Schmid ◽  
Dorothea Schmidt ◽  
Thomas Hagen ◽  
Andre Jassoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Central Sulcus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Postcentral Gyrus ◽  
Functional Mr Imaging ◽  
Hand Area

✓ The authors evaluated the anatomical location of the central sulcus (CS) in 24 cerebral hemispheres (eight in which tumors were located centrally, 16 in controls) using: 1) classic anatomical landmarks seen on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (24 hemispheres); 2) functional MR imaging (24 hemispheres); and 3) intraoperative electrical stimulation mapping (eight hemispheres). On MR imaging the CS was identified with certainty in 79% of hemispheres (four of eight in patients, 15 of 16 in controls). Functional MR imaging identified a parenchymal “motor hand area” in only 83% (20 of 24 hemispheres; five of eight in patients, 15 of 16 in controls); this area was located in the precentral gyrus in 16 (80%) of 20, additionally in the postcentral gyrus in 10 (50%) of 20, and exclusively in the postcentral gyrus in four (20%) of 20. In contrast, functional MR imaging detected one to three sulcal veins presumably draining blood from the adjacent motor hand area in 100% (24 of 24) of the hemispheres studied, and anatomical MR imaging and intraoperative mapping localized these veins in the CS. It is concluded that sulcal veins lying deep within the CS: 1) drain activated blood from the adjacent pre- or postcentral cortex during performance of a motor hand task; 2) can be identified easily with functional MR imaging; and 3) are an anatomical landmark for noninvasive indentification of the CS and thus the sensorimotor strip. The detection of these veins provides a more consistent landmark than the detection of parenchymal motor areas by functional MR imaging; this technique may be used when classic anatomical landmarks fail to identify the sensorimotor strip.

scholarly journals A probabilistic map of the human ventral sensorimotor cortex using electrical stimulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Breshears ◽  
Annette M. Molinaro ◽  
Edward F. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Probabilistic Maps ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Intraoperative Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

OBJECT The human ventral sensorimotor cortex (vSMC) is involved in facial expression, mastication, and swallowing, as well as the dynamic and highly coordinated movements of human speech production. However, vSMC organization remains poorly understood, and previously published population-driven maps of its somatotopy do not accurately reflect the variability across individuals in a quantitative, probabilistic fashion. The goal of this study was to describe the responses to electrical stimulation of the vSMC, generate probabilistic maps of function in the vSMC, and quantify the variability across individuals. METHODS Photographic, video, and stereotactic MRI data of intraoperative electrical stimulation of the vSMC were collected for 33 patients undergoing awake craniotomy. Stimulation sites were converted to a 2D coordinate system based on anatomical landmarks. Motor, sensory, and speech stimulation responses were reviewed and classified. Probabilistic maps of stimulation responses were generated, and spatial variance was quantified. RESULTS In 33 patients, the authors identified 194 motor, 212 sensory, 61 speech-arrest, and 27 mixed responses. Responses were complex, stereotyped, and mostly nonphysiological movements, involving hand, orofacial, and laryngeal musculature. Within individuals, the presence of oral movement representations varied; however, the dorsal-ventral order was always preserved. The most robust motor responses were jaw (probability 0.85), tongue (0.64), lips (0.58), and throat (0.52). Vocalizations were seen in 6 patients (0.18), more dorsally near lip and dorsal throat areas. Sensory responses were spatially dispersed; however, patients' subjective reports were highly precise in localization within the mouth. The most robust responses included tongue (0.82) and lips (0.42). The probability of speech arrest was 0.85, highest 15–20 mm anterior to the central sulcus and just dorsal to the sylvian fissure, in the anterior precentral gyrus or pars opercularis. CONCLUSIONS The authors report probabilistic maps of function in the human vSMC based on intraoperative cortical electrical stimulation. These results define the expected range of mapping outcomes in the vSMC of a single individual and shed light on the functional organization of the vSMC supporting speech motor control and nonspeech functions.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of sensory and motor cortex: comparison with electrophysiological localization

1995 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aina Puce ◽  
R. Todd Constable ◽  
Marie L. Luby ◽  
Gregory McCarthy ◽  
Anna C. Nobre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Planar Imaging ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Functional Mr Imaging ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed using a 1.5-tesla MR system to localize sensorimotor cortex. Six neurologically normal subjects were studied by means of axial gradient-echo images with a motor task and one or more sensory tasks: 1) electrical stimulation of the median nerve; 2) continuous brushing over the thenar region; and 3) pulsed flow of compressed air over the palm and digits. An increased MR signal was observed in or near the central sulcus, consistent with the location of primary sensory and motor cortex. Four patients were studied using echo planar imaging sequences and motor and sensory tasks. Three patients had focal refractory seizures secondary to a lesion impinging on sensorimotor cortex. Activation seen on functional MR imaging was coextensive with the location of the sensorimotor area determined by evoked potentials and electrical stimulation. Functional MR imaging provides a useful noninvasive method of localization and functional assessment of sensorimotor cortex.

Presurgical Evaluation of the Motor Hand Area with Functional MR Imaging in Patients with Tumors and Dysplastic Lesions

Radiology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 210 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Achten ◽  
Graeme D. Jackson ◽  
Julie A. Cameron ◽  
David F. Abbott ◽  
Damien L. Stella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Presurgical Evaluation ◽  
Functional Mr Imaging ◽  
Hand Area

Brain surface reformatted images for fast and easy localization of perirolandic lesions

2005 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Hattingen ◽  
Catriona Good ◽  
Stefan Weidauer ◽  
Sebastian Herminghaus ◽  
Peter Raab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Focal Lesion ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Central Sulcus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intraoperative Mapping ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The goal of this study was to evaluate a novel form of brain surface representation that allows simple, reliable mapping of the surface neuroanatomy for the preoperative evaluation of the spatial relationship between a focal lesion and the precentral gyrus. Methods. High-resolution three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data sets were postprocessed using a curved multiplanar reformatting technique to create brain surface reformatted (BSR) images. These BSR images were reconstructed in less than 5 minutes and demonstrated the entire central sulcus with adjacent surface structures in one view. Two experienced neuroradiologists determined the localization of lesions near the central sulcus in 27 patients on standard MR images in three orthogonal planes and on BSR images. In addition, these observers judged whether the lesions were easy or difficult to localize on standard MR and BSR images, and whether diagnoses based on these methods were certain or doubtful. Anatomical localization based on BSR images was compared with that based on functional MR (fMR) images or intraoperative mapping of motor function. The BSR images yielded a perfect concordance with the fMR images and intraoperative mapping (Cohen κ 1.0) and optimal diagnostic accuracy in localizing perirolandic lesions (both sensitivity and specificity were 100%). Localization was judged to be easy for 48 of 54 diagnoses based on BSR images compared with 26 of 54 based on standard MR images. Diagnoses were assessed as certain for 52 cases based on BSR images and 34 cases based on standard MR images. Conclusions. Brain surface reformatted imaging improves the diagnostic accuracy of standard anatomical MR imaging for localizing superficial brain lesions in relation to the precentral gyrus. The complementary use of this technique with standard two-dimensional imaging is supported by the fast and simple postprocessing technique and may provide useful information for preoperative surgical planning.

Localization of human sensorimotor cortex during surgery by cortical surface recording of somatosensory evoked potentials

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Wood ◽  
Dennis D. Spencer ◽  
Truett Allison ◽  
Gregory McCarthy ◽  
Peter D. Williamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Surface ◽  
Central Sulcus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Postcentral Gyrus ◽  
Hand Area ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The traditional means of localizing sensorimotor cortex during surgery is Penfield's procedure of mapping sensory and motor responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the cortical surface. This procedure can accurately localize sensorimotor cortex but is time-consuming and best carried out in awake, cooperative patients. An alternative localization procedure is presented that involves cortical surface recordings of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP's), providing accurate and rapid localization in patients under either local or general anesthesia. The morphology and amplitude of median nerve SEP's recorded from the cortical surface varied systematically as a function of spatial location relative to the sensorimotor hand representation area. These results were validated in 18 patients operated on under local anesthesia in whom the sensorimotor cortex was independently localized by electrical stimulation mapping; the two procedures were in agreement in all cases. Similar SEP results were demonstrated in an additional 27 patients operated on under general anesthesia without electrical stimulation mapping. The following three spatial relationships between SEP's and the anatomy of the sensorimotor cortex permit rapid and accurate localization of the sensorimotor hand area: 1) SEP's with approximately mirror-image waveforms are recorded at electrode sites in the hand area on opposite sides of the central sulcus (P20–N30 precentrally (for consistency) and N20–P30 postcentrally); 2) the P25–N35 is recorded from the postcentral gyrus as well as a small region of the precentral gyrus in the immediate vicinity of the central sulcus: this waveform is largest on the postcentral gyrus about 1 cm medial to the focus of the 20- and 30-msec potentials; and 3) regardless of component identification, maximum SEP amplitudes are recorded from the hand representation area on the precentral and postcentral gyri.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of regional brain activity in patients with intracerebral arteriovenous malformations before surgical or endovascular therapy

1996 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Maldjian ◽  
Scott W. Atlas ◽  
Robert S. Howard ◽  
Elizabeth Greenstein ◽  
David Alsop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Regional Brain ◽  
Functional Mr Imaging

✓ Functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in six patients harboring proven intracerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) using a noninvasive blood oxygen level—dependent technique based on the documented discrepancy between regional increases in blood flow and oxygen utilization in response to regional brain activation. Statistical functional MR maps were generated and overlaid directly onto conventional MR images obtained at the same session. In the six patients studied, a total of 23 separate functional MR imaging activation studies were performed. Of these, two runs were discarded because of motion artifacts. All of the remaining 21 studies demonstrated activation in or near expected regions for the paradigm employed. Qualitatively reproducible regional localizations of functional activity in unexpected sites were also seen. The authors' findings indicating aberrant mapping of cortical function may be explained on the basis of the plasticity of brain function, in that the developing brain can take over function that would normally have been performed by regions of brain encompassed by the lesion. Preliminary results in this study's small number of cases also indicate that activity demonstrated within the confines of the apparent AVM nidus may help predict the development of a posttherapy deficit. The authors demonstrate that functional MR imaging can be successfully and reproducibly performed in patients with intracerebral AVMs. Notwithstanding the paucity of normative data using functional MR imaging, the authors' findings support cortical reorganization associated with these congenital lesions. Blood oxygen level—dependent MR imaging is a noninvasive method used to localize areas of eloquent cortex in patients harboring AVMs; it may prove to be of value in treatment planning.

Functional MR imaging with venography for neurosurgical identification of the central sulcus

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190
Author(s):  
Ayumi Okumura ◽  
Katsunobu Takenaka ◽  
Yasuaki Nishimura ◽  
Masahiro Kawaguchi ◽  
Yositaka Asano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Central Sulcus ◽  
Functional Mr Imaging

scholarly journals Tongue Posture, Tongue Movements, Swallowing, and Cerebral Areas Activation: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 6027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Scoppa ◽  
Sabina Saccomanno ◽  
Gianluca Bianco ◽  
Alessio Pirino
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Tongue Protrusion ◽  
Postcentral Gyrus ◽  
Parietal Lobule

The aim of this study was to pinpoint the cerebral regions implicated during swallowing by comparing the brain activation areas associated with two different volitional movements: tongue protrusion and tongue elevation. Twenty-four healthy subjects (11—males 22 ± 2.9 y; 13—females 23 ± 4.1 y; were examined through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing two different swallowing tasks: with tongue protrusion and with tongue elevation. The study was carried out with the help of fMRI imaging which assesses brain signals caused by changes in neuronal activity in response to sensory, motor or cognitive tasks. The precentral gyrus and the cerebellum were activated during both swallowing tasks while the postcentral gyrus, thalamus, and superior parietal lobule could be identified as large activation foci only during the protrusion task. During protrusion tasks, increased activations were also seen in the left-middle and medial frontal gyrus, right thalamus, inferior parietal lobule, and the superior temporal gyrus (15,592-voxels; Z-score 5.49 ± 0.90). Tongue elevation activated a large volume of cortex portions within the left sub-gyral cortex and minor activations in both right and left inferior parietal lobules, right postcentral gyrus, lentiform nucleus, subcortical structures, the anterior cingulate, and left insular cortex (3601-voxels; Z-score 5.23 ± 0.52). However, the overall activation during swallowing tasks with tongue elevation, was significantly less than swallowing tasks with tongue protrusion. These results suggest that tongue protrusion (on inferior incisors) during swallowing activates a widely distributed network of cortical and subcortical areas than tongue elevation (on incisor papilla), suggesting a less economic and physiologically more complex movement. These neuromuscular patterns of the tongue confirm the different purpose of elevation and protrusion during swallowing and might help professionals manage malocclusions and orofacial myofunctional disorders.

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