A review of the central response to peripheral nerve injury and its significance in nerve regeneration

1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chardes A. Engh ◽  
Brian H. Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Injuries ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Central Response ◽  
Regenerative Activity ◽  
Peripheral Axon

✓ Chromatolysis is a morphological term used to describe a sequence of light microscopic changes occurring in the cell bodies (perikarya) of peripheral neurons after injury to their peripherally directed axons. The authors have attempted to interpret the significance of chromatolysis to peripheral nerve regeneration and to describe how central regenerative activity may be affected by peripheral regeneration. Electron microscopic perikaryal changes following peripheral nerve injuries initially appear to be manifestations of a nonspecific cellular insult with possible loss of trophic influence, and secondarily a reflection of neuronal readjustment to a decrease in peripheral axon demands. Sectioning of peripheral axons results initially in decreased perikaryal axonal cytoplasm synthesis. Return of normal and sometimes greater than normal perikaryal cytoplasm production and a return of normal perikaryal morphology are characteristics of the maturation phase of peripheral nerve regeneration and occur only if peripheral axon regrowth is successful.

Effects of human amniotic fluid on peripheral nerve scarring and regeneration in rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Güzin Yeşim Özgenel ◽  
Gülaydan Filiz
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Nerve Repair ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repair Site ◽  
Fine Print

Object. Peripheral nerve repair surgery is still replete with challenges. Despite technical improvements in microsurgery, classic methods of nerve repair have failed to provide satisfactory results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of amniotic fluid from humans on peripheral nerve scarring and regeneration in rats. Methods. Forty adult Sprague—Dawley rats were used in this study. After the right sciatic nerve in each rat was transected and repaired using an epineural suture procedure, the nerves were divided into two groups according to the solution applied around the repair site: experimental group, 0.3 ml human amniotic fluid (HAF); and control group, 0.3 ml saline. Macroscopic and histological evaluations of peripheral nerve scarring were performed 4 weeks postsurgery. Nerves treated with HAF demonstrated a significant reduction in the amount of scar tissue surrounding the repair site (p < 0.05). No evidence of a reaction against HAF was noted. Functional nerve regeneration was measured once every 2 weeks by using a sciatic function index until 12 weeks postsurgery. Functional recovery in nerves treated with amniotic fluid occurred significantly faster than that in nerves treated with saline (p < 0.05). Peripheral nerve regeneration was evaluated histomorphologically at 12 weeks postsurgery. Nerves treated with amniotic fluid showed significant improvement with respect to the indices of fiber maturation (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Preliminary data show that HAF enhances peripheral nerve regeneration. The preventive effect of HAF on epineural scarring and the rich content of neurotrophic and neurite-promoting factors possibly contribute to this result.

Peripheral nerve regeneration by transplantation of bone marrow stromal cell—derived Schwann cells in adult rats

2004 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 806-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiro Mimura ◽  
Mari Dezawa ◽  
Hiroshi Kanno ◽  
Hajime Sawada ◽  
Isao Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Fine Print

Object. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) can be induced to form Schwann cells by sequentially treating the cells with β-mercaptoethanol and retinoic acid, followed by forskolin and neurotrophic factors including heregulin. In this study the authors made artificial grafts filled with BMSC-derived Schwann cells (BMSC-DSCs) and transplanted them into the transected sciatic nerve in adult rats to evaluate the potential of BMSCs as a novel alternative method of peripheral nerve regeneration. Methods. The BMSC-DSCs were suspended in Matrigel and transferred into hollow fibers (12 mm in length), which were transplanted into the transected sciatic nerve in adult Wistar rats. Six months after cell transplantation, electrophysiological evaluation and walking track analysis were performed. Results of these studies showed significant improvement in motor nerve conduction velocity and sciatic nerve functional index in the BMSC-DSC—transplanted group compared with the control group (Matrigel graft only). Immunohistochemical study data demonstrated that transplanted BMSCs labeled with retrovirus green fluorescent protein were positive for P0 and myelin-associated glycoprotein and had reconstructed nodes of Ranvier and remyelinated regenerated nerve axons. The number of regenerated axons in the axial section of the central portion of the graft was significantly greater in the transplanted group. Although BMSCs can differentiate into several types of cells, tumor formation did not occur 6 months after engraftment. Conclusions. Results in this study indicate that BMSC-DSCs have great potential to promote regeneration of peripheral nerves. The artificial graft made with BMSC-DSCs represents an alternative method for the difficult reconstruction of a long distance gap in a peripheral nerve.

scholarly journals Efficient Targeted Transgene Delivery to Injured Lower Motor Neurons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Miller ◽  
Iván Hernandez ◽  
Steven Minderler ◽  
Josette Nammour ◽  
Carrie Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Transduction Efficiency ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Injuries ◽  
Nerve Injuries ◽  
Fluorescent Reporter ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Transgene Delivery

Abstract Peripheral nerve injuries yield devastating consequences, and surgical repair outcomes remain suboptimal. Novel therapeutic strategies such as gene therapy could improve peripheral nerve regeneration. Though adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have delivered transgenes to intact peripheral neurons, transduction of transected neurons relevant to management of peripheral nerve injuries has not been reported. Herein, in vivo transduction efficiency of axotomized murine facial neurons using four AAV capsids packaging a fluorescent reporter transgene, tdTomato, is characterized. Proximal stumps of transected facial nerve branches in C57Bl/6J mice were immersed in AAV solutions. Four weeks later, facial motor nuclei were volume-imaged via whole-mount two-photon excitation microscopy, and machine learning-based image segmentation quantified the proportion of transgene expressing neurons. We observed remarkable retrograde transduction efficiency with AAV-PHP.S and AAV-F, with expression levels sufficient to detect intrinsic tdTomato fluorescence. This study confirms successful in vivo retrograde transgene delivery to transected peripheral neurons, an approach that carries potential as a research tool and future therapeutic strategy.

Electroactive nanomaterials in the peripheral nerve regeneration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyun Yao ◽  
Yun Qian ◽  
Cunyi Fan
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Injuries ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Nerve Injuries

Severe peripheral nerve injuries are threatening the life quality of human beings.

scholarly journals Pharmacological immunomodulation enhances peripheral nerve regeneration

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Inoe ◽  
Francisco Carlos Pereira ◽  
Angelo João Stopiglia ◽  
Ciro Ferreira Da-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Myelinated Axon ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Myelinated Fiber ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Significant Difference

To assess the effect of N-Acetylmuramyl-L-Alanyl-D-Isoglutamine MDP topically administrated on the regenerating peripheral neurons, twelve male C57BL/6J adult mice were equally distributed into three groups. Four mice underwent unilateral sciatic nerve transection and polyethylene tubulization, with a 4mm gap between the proximal and distal nerve stumps and were implanted with collagen + PBS (COL). Other four animals underwent the same surgical procedure but received collagen + MDP (COL/MDP) inside the prosthesis. Four animals were not operated and served as control group (NOR). After 4 weeks, the regenerated nerve cables were processed for total myelinated axon counting and myelinated fiber diameter measurement. The L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was also removed and sectioned for sensory neurons counting and measurement. The results revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in axonal counting among the groups NOR (4,355±32), COL (1,869±289) and COL/MDP (2,430±223). There was a significant reduction in the axonal diameter in the operated groups (COL=3.38µm±1.16 and COL/MDP=3.54µm±1.16) compared to NOR (6.19µm±2.45). No difference was found in the number of DRG neurons between the experimental groups (COL=564±51; COL/MDP=514±56), which presented fewer sensory neurons compared to NOR (1,097±142). Data obtained indicate that locally applied MDP stimulates peripheral nerve regeneration in mice.

Use of electrospinning to construct biomaterials for peripheral nerve regeneration

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 761-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Quan ◽  
Biao Chang ◽  
Hao Ye Meng ◽  
Ruo Xi Liu ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Nerve Repair ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Injuries ◽  
Nerve Injuries ◽  
New Process ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Innovative Techniques

AbstractA number of limitations associated with the use of hollow nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) require further discussion. Most importantly, the functional recovery outcomes after the placement of hollow NGCs are poor even after the successful bridging of peripheral nerve injuries. However, nerve regeneration scaffolds built using electric spinning have several advantages that may improve functional recovery. Thus, the present study summarizes recent developments in this area, including the key cells that are combined with the scaffold and associated with nerve regeneration, the structure and configuration of the electrospinning design (which determines the performance of the electrospinning scaffold), the materials the electrospinning fibers are composed of, and the methods used to control the morphology of a single fiber. Additionally, this study also discusses the processes underlying peripheral nerve regeneration. The primary goals of the present review were to evaluate and consolidate the findings of studies that used scaffolding biomaterials built by electrospinning used for peripheral nerve regeneration support. It is amazing that the field of peripheral nerve regeneration continues to consistently produce such a wide variety of innovative techniques and novel types of equipment, because the introduction of every new process creates an opportunity for advances in materials for nerve repair.

Platelet gel does not improve peripheral nerve regeneration: An electrophysiological, stereological, and electron microscopic study

Microsurgery ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Piskin ◽  
Suleyman Kaplan ◽  
Abit Aktaş ◽  
Mustafa Ayyildiz ◽  
Stefania Raimondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Platelet Gel

scholarly journals Exosomes and Their MicroRNA Cargo: New Players in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 765-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liming Qing ◽  
Huanwen Chen ◽  
Juyu Tang ◽  
Xiaofeng Jia
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Injuries ◽  
Vascular Regeneration ◽  
Major Clinical Problem

Peripheral nerve injury is a major clinical problem and often results in a poor functional recovery. Despite obvious clinical need, treatment strategies have been largely suboptimal. In the nervous system, exosomes, which are nanosized extracellular vesicles, play a critical role in mediating intercellular communication. More specifically, microRNA carried by exosomes are involved in various key processes such as nerve and vascular regeneration, and exosomes originating from Schwann cells, macrophages, and mesenchymal stem cells can promote peripheral nerve regeneration. In this review, the current knowledge of exosomes’ and their miRNA cargo’s role in peripheral nerve regeneration are summarized. The possible future roles of exosomes in therapy and the potential for microRNA-containing exosomes to treat peripheral nerve injuries are also discussed.

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