The relationship between intelligence and memory following minor or mild closed head injury: greater impairment in memory than intelligence

1991 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Hall ◽  
Robert A. Bornstein
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Performance Patterns ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence

✓ This study investigated the performance of patients with minor or mild closed head injury and age/education-matched normal controls on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). The results demonstrated that the control group had significantly higher scores than the patients with closed head injury on all WAIS-R and WMS-R index scores. Further analysis revealed that the patients with closed head injury showed a greater impairment in delayed memory when directly compared to intellectual performance that was not seen in the control group. These results are discussed in relation to findings in patients with more severe closed head injury, the construction of the WAIS-R and the WMS-R, and the performance patterns of the two groups.

Comparison of Intelligence and Memory in Patients with Diffuse and Focal Injury

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 899-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy S. Hinkeldey ◽  
John D. Corrigan
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Focal Injury ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Solomon, Greene, Farr, and Kelly in 1986 speculated that large discrepancies between Intelligence and Memory quotients (IQ-MQ) reflecting poorer performance on memory casks may be due to focal brain damage, while smaller differences may result from diffuse damage. The present study investigated this hypothesis in a rehabilitation population with sufferers of unilateral cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) representing focal damage and those with closed-head injury (CHI) representing diffuse damage. The IQ-MQ discrepancy was examined in two samples, one administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the other the WAIS—R. Analysis of covariance indicated that IQ-MQ was significantly different for the two groups administered the WAIS—R but not the WAIS. However, the direction of the difference in discrepancy score was opposite that posited by Solomon, et al., i.e., relatively poorer memory was observed in patients with diffuse damage. Results are discussed in relation to demographic differences between the two kinds of patients and the inability to remove effects of group differences by using analysis of covariance as well as neuropathological factors that confound focal and diffuse injury in subjects showing closed-head injury and cerebrovascular injury. Finally, the effect on IQ-MQ discrepancy scores based on the WAIS—R is discussed in light of previously held “rules of thumb” about clinically significant differences.

Effect of Warning on Feigned Malingering on the Wais—R in College Samples

1998 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith L. Johnson ◽  
C. Garth Bellah ◽  
Tim Dodge ◽  
William Kelley ◽  
Mary Margaret Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Personal Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Personal Injury Litigation ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Better Than

Research indicates claimant malingering of cognitive deficits to be common in personal injury litigation. Efforts have been made to either detect such tendencies or deter efforts at malingering. The present study examined whether warning people that feigned malingering efforts would be detected results in more valid profiles on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised. Undergraduates ( N = 48) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: feigned malingerers without warning, feigned malingerers with warning, and controls. Analysis indicated both feigned malingerer groups performed significantly worse than the control group; however, feigned malingerers with warning did not perform significantly better than those without warning. Unlike previous research using the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised, results did not support effectiveness of warning in reducing feigned malingering scores.

Estimation of Premorbid Intelligence in Organic Conditions

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Crawford ◽  
D. M. Parker ◽  
J. A. O. Besson
Keyword(s):  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Alcoholic Dementia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence

The validity of premorbid IQ estimates provided by the National Adult Reading Test (NART) and Vocabulary sub-test of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were evaluated, by comparison with matched, healthy control subjects, in Korsakoff psychosis, alcoholic dementia, dementia Alzheimer type (DAT), multi-infarct dementia (MID), Huntington's disease, and closed head injury (CHI). There was no significant difference in NART performance between control subjects and the alcoholic dementia, DAT, MID, and CHI groups. Although there appeared to be a decline in NART performance in the Korsakoff and Huntington's groups, it did provide a significantly higher IQ estimate than the Vocabulary sub-test. All clinical groups, with the exception of the CHI group, performed at a significantly lower level than the control group on the Vocabulary sub-test.

Geschlechtseffekte bei Intelligenz- und Gedächtnisleistungen

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja C. Lepach ◽  
Wiebke Reimers ◽  
Franz Pauls ◽  
Franz Petermann ◽  
Monika Daseking
Keyword(s):  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Adult Intelligence ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Diese Studie untersucht die Zusammenhänge von Intelligenz- und Gedächtnisleistungen in der Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV und der Wechsler Memory Scale-IV unter Berücksichtigung des Geschlechts (N = 137 Gesunde, 63 w/74 m). Ein Vorteil der weiblichen Testpersonen im verbalen episodischen Gedächtnis sowie in einzelnen Aufgaben zur Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit konnte beobachtet werden. Die männlichen Testpersonen schnitten in den Untertests Allgemeines Wissen und Visuelle Puzzles besser ab. Wie gut Gedächtnisleistungen Intelligenzleistungen erklären beziehungsweise vorhersagen, ist aufgrund unserer Ergebnisse nicht nur abhängig von den Aufgaben, sondern auch vom Geschlecht.

The use of moderate therapeutic hypothermia for patients with severe head injuries: a preliminary report

1993 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Marion ◽  
Walter D. Obrist ◽  
Patricia M. Earlier ◽  
Louis E. Penrod ◽  
Joseph M. Darby
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Therapeutic Hypothermia ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Secondary Brain Injury ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Hypothermia Group ◽  
Rebound Increase ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Animal research suggests that moderate therapeutic hypothermia may improve outcome after a severe head injury, but its efficacy has not been established in humans. The authors randomly assigned 40 consecutively treated patients with a severe closed head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score 3 to 7) to either a hypothermia or a normothermia group. Using cooling blankets and cold saline gastric lavage, patients in the hypothermia group were cooled to 32° to 33°C (brain temperature) within a mean of 10 hours after injury, maintained at that temperature for 24 hours, and rewarmed to 37° to 38°C over 12 hours. Patients in the normothermia group were maintained at 37° to 38°C during this time. Deep-brain temperatures were monitored directly and used for all temperature determinations. Intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) were measured serially for all patients. Hypothermia significantly reduced ICP (40%) and CBF (26%) during the cooling period, and neither parameter showed a significant rebound increase after patients were rewarmed. Compared to the normothermia group, the mean CMRO2 in the hypothermia group was lower during cooling and higher 5 days after injury. Three months after injury, 12 of the 20 patients in the hypothermia group had moderate, mild, or no disabilities; eight of the 20 patients in the normothermia group had improved to the same degree. Both groups had a similar incidence of systemic complications, including cardiac arrhythmias, coagulopathies, and pulmonary complications. It is concluded that therapeutic moderate hypothermia is safe and has sustained favorable effects on acute derangements of cerebral physiology and metabolism caused by severe closed head injury. The trend toward better outcome with hypothermia may indicate that its beneficial physiological and metabolic effects limit secondary brain injury.

Demonstration of massive traumatic brain swelling within 20 minutes after injury

1977 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur I. Kobrine ◽  
Eugene Timmins ◽  
Rodwan K. Rajjoub ◽  
Hugo V. Rizzoli ◽  
David O. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Brain Swelling ◽  
Axial Tomography ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Vascular Dilatation ◽  
Computerized Axial Tomography ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The authors documented by computerized axial tomography a case of massive brain swelling occurring within 20 minutes of a closed head injury. It is suggested that the cause of the brain swelling is acute vascular dilatation.

Impact of Cognitive Function on MMPI-2 Validity in Neurologically Impaired Patients

Assessment ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiley Mittenberg ◽  
Geoffrey Tremont ◽  
Katrina R. Rayls
Keyword(s):  
Validity Scales ◽  
Neurologically Impaired ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Central Nervous System Dysfunction ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Attention Impairment ◽  
Valid Information

The Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS-R), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R), and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Invcntory-2 (MMPI-2) were completed by 88 outpatients at a neuropsychology clinic who had diagnoses of central nervous system dysfunction. Extent of IQ, memory, or attention impairment were associated with elevations on MMPI-2 validity scales. Magnitude of estimated IQ loss separated valid from invalid profile groups more clearly than did obtained Full Scale IQ. Nonresponsivity to item content is probable when the patient scores below 70 on the WMS-R Memory or Attention/Concentration indexes, or earns a WAIS-R IQ that falls 20 points or more below expected premorbid level. These effects appear to be relatively independent of the patient's measured reading or intellectual levels. The MMPI-2 appears to provide valid information about the emotional status of patients with moderate and mild neurocognitive impairment.

Memory impairment following intentional self-poisoning with benzodiazepines: Should we pay more attention to attention?

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1428-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette Salles ◽  
Jérémie Pariente ◽  
Laurent Schmitt ◽  
Dominique Lauque ◽  
Thomas Lanot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Psychiatric Assessment ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Cognitive Predictors ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Study hypothesis: In cases where patients attempt suicide through intentional self-poisoning, they often ingest drugs such as benzodiazepines that alter the central nervous system and memory. This is problematic, given that experts recommend the recovery of a patient’s cognitive capacity before any psychiatric assessment is conducted. A previous pilot study by our group showed that cognitive tests focusing on attention are the most valuable when it comes to determining whether sufficient cognitive recovery has occurred to ensure that patients will remember the assessment after intentional self-poisoning with benzodiazepines. The main aim of our study was to determine cognitive predictors of the recall of the psychiatric assessment after a suicide attempt. The second aim was to determine the threshold for episodic memory. Methods: We recruited 97 patients admitted for intentional self-poisoning. At the time of the psychiatric assessments, we quantified plasma benzodiazepine levels and performed a cognitive assessment. We then used a linear regression model to identify the associations in a control and a benzodiazepine group between cognitive functions and episodic memory scores obtained 24 hours after psychiatric assessment. Results: Our model accounted for 28% and 37%, respectively, of the variance in memory in the control and benzodiazepine groups. The most significant correlations were found for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale coding test in both groups. In the control group, tests such as visual and verbal memory were also associated with recall. Conclusions: Benzodiazepines particularly affect memory by impairing what is remembered of attentional tests. These are, however, the most suitable cognitive tests for predicting recall of the memory assessment.

Antidepressants Not Effective in Headache Associated with Minor Closed Head Injury

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avtar Saran
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Depression Group ◽  
Injury Group ◽  
Closed Head

The author compared the response to amitriptyline in headache associated with depression between twelve patients having primary depression (control group) and ten patients with depression after minor closed head injury. In the primary depression group, there was significant reduction in headache and improvement in depression. The minor closed head injury group did not show significant reduction in headache or improvement in depression. The latter group, upon further treatment with phenelzine also showed no reduction in headache or improvement in depression. Results of this study question the earlier reports of the usefulness of amitriptyline in chronic muscle contraction headache and depression associated with minor closed head injury.

WAIS Performance during the Acute Recovery Stage following Closed-Head Injury

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Correll ◽  
Shirley E Brodginski ◽  
Saundra F. Rokosz
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Psychiatric Inpatients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Head Injured ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Information Processing Deficits ◽  
Injured Patients

WAIS profiles of 50 acute closed head-injured patients were examined and compared with those of 40 psychiatric inpatients. Patients with moderate and severe, but not with mild, head injury differed significantly from the control group on level of subtest performance. There was no significant interaction of group by subtest. The groups also differed significantly on a measure of between-subtest scatter. Discriminant function analysis incorporating measures of within-subtest scatter correctly classified 89% of all subjects. Within the head-injured group Similarities and Block Design scores were elevated, and the Digit Symbol score depressed. These results indicate that closed head-injured patients can be discriminated from psychiatric inpatients on the basis of WAIS performance, but that they do not necessarily show a characteristic WAIS profile. Within-subtest scatter may indicate information-processing deficits.

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