scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Pediatric Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (227) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupesh Shrestha ◽  
Laxman Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Disease Spectrum ◽  
New Public Health ◽  
New Public

Coronavirus disease 2019, the new public health emergency that originated in China, is spreading rapidly across the globe with limited tools to confine this growing pandemic. The virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is transmitted by droplet infection from person to person. Our current understanding of the disease spectrum is limited. The proportion of infected children is significantly less compared to adults with the majority of them showing mild symptoms. More than half of symptomatic children present with fever and cough. However, the extent of asymptomatic infection in children and the role they play in community transmission is still undetermined. Although there are case reports of neonates infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, vertical transmission from infected mother to new-born is yet to be proven. The disease is confirmed by demonstration of the virus by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerasechain reaction in respiratory secretions. Due to the lack of specific antiviral agents, we rely on infection-control measures to prevent disease spread and on supportive care for infected ones. This article has summarized the clinical characteristics of children with coronavirus disease 2019 based on published case reports.

scholarly journals Probable immersions for novel Coronavirus and its preventions: A systematic review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parth M. Kapatel ◽  
Nagma ara Malik
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
New Public Health ◽  
New Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The new public health crisis threatening the world with the emergence due to the spreading of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or it can also say as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus instigated in bats and was transmitted to humans through yet unknown transitional animals in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. There have been around 3.04 million reported cases by WHO of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and 895 thousand are recovered, 211 thousand reported deaths to date (28/04/2020) from all over the world. The disease is spread by inhalation/breathing or interaction with infected droplets. The quarantine period ranges from 2 to 14 days. The symptoms are typically breathlessness, cough, sore throat, fever, fatigue, malaise, among others. The disease is mild in most people; while in about some (generally the aged and those with comorbidities), it may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction. Many people are asymptomatic. Treatment is very essentially supportive; the role of antiviral agents is up till now to be recognized. Prevention requires home quarantine of alleged cases and those with mild illnesses and severe infection control measures at hospitals that contain interaction, touch and droplet precautions.

scholarly journals Probable immersions for novel Coronavirus and its preventions: A systematic review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parth M. Kapatel ◽  
Nagma ara Malik
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
New Public Health ◽  
New Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The new public health crisis threatening the world with the emergence due to the spreading of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or it can also say as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus instigated in bats and was transmitted to humans through yet unknown transitional animals in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. There have been around 3.04 million reported cases by WHO of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and 895 thousand are recovered, 211 thousand reported deaths to date (28/04/2020) from all over the world. The disease is spread by inhalation/breathing or interaction with infected droplets. The quarantine period ranges from 2 to 14 days. The symptoms are typically breathlessness, cough, sore throat, fever, fatigue, malaise, among others. The disease is mild in most people; while in about some (generally the aged and those with comorbidities), it may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction. Many people are asymptomatic. Treatment is very essentially supportive; the role of antiviral agents is up till now to be recognized. Prevention requires home quarantine of alleged cases and those with mild illnesses and severe infection control measures at hospitals that contain interaction, touch and droplet precautions.

scholarly journals An overview on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

2005 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S.C. Hui
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Systemic Steroid ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Immune Mediated

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerged infectious disease that has caught the medical profession by surprise in 2003. The major clinical features include persistent fever, chills/rigor, myalgia, malaise, dry cough, headache and dyspnoea but diarrhea occurs in 40-70% of patients after hospital admission. Respiratory failure is the major complication of SARS; at least half of the patients require supplemental oxygen during the acute phase whereas about 20% of patients progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring invasive mechanical ventilatory support. In contrast, the severity is generally mild in infected young children. Due to our limited understanding of this new disease, treatment of SARS was empirical in 2003. Protease inhibitor (Lopinavir/ritonavir) in combination with ribavirin may play a role as antiviral therapy in the early phase whereas nelfinavir is a promising alternative. The role of interferon and systemic steroid in preventing immune- mediated lung injury deserves further investigation. In addition, other anti-viral treatment, RNA interference, monoclonal antibody, synthetic peptides, and vaccines are being developed. Rapid diagnosis, early isolation, and good infection control measures are important in preventing spread of the infection.

scholarly journals A child with SARS-CoV2 induced croup

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Tsoi ◽  
Kate Chan ◽  
Chi Ngong Lawrence Chan ◽  
Geoffrey Mok ◽  
Albert Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Early Diagnostic

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection usually causes no or mild coryzal symptoms in the paediatric population. In this letter, we describe a 21-month-old boy infected with SARS-CoV-2 who presented atypically with features compatible with croup. With the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, infection control measures need to be appropriately heightened and early diagnostic sampling for SARS-CoV-2 should be carried out even in symptomatology that is atypical of COVID-19.

A Decisive Review to Understand the Basic Fundamentals of Novel Corona Viruse Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
Sweta Sweta ◽  
Navdeep Singh
Keyword(s):  
Target Selection ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
New Public Health ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

With the development and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), also known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, a new public health disaster is threatening the world (SARS-CoV-2). In December 2019, the virus was discovered in bats and transmitted to humans via unidentified intermediary species in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. To date (05/03/2020), there have been roughly 96,000 recorded cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and 3300 documented deaths. The disease is spread through inhalation or contact with contaminated droplets, with a 2 to 14-day incubation period. Fever, cough, sore throat, dyspnea, weariness, and malaise are common symptoms. The disease is mild in most people; in some (usually the elderly and those with comorbidities), it can lead to pneumonia, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome), and multi-organ failure. A large number of persons are asymptomatic. The case fatality rate is expected to be between 2 and 3%. Specimen collection, assay collection, serology, nucleic acid testing or molecular testing, and target selection for RT-PCR are all examples of laboratory diagnosis. Home isolation of suspected cases and those with mild illnesses, as well as tight infection control measures in hospitals, including contact and droplet precautions, are all part of the prevention strategy. The virus has a lower fatality rate than its two ancestors, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory sickness coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The global consequences of this new epidemic are still unknown.

scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Emergence of a New Pandemic

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Anjly Sheth ◽  
Frank Romanelli
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
New Agents ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Care Workers

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic depicted the vulnerability of man and tested our ability to respond to a global emergency. The SARS-coronavirus has been postulated to originate in animals and subsequently spread to and infect humans. It is transmissible via direct and indirect contact with infected persons or their environment. Poor infection control practices have been responsible for numerous outbreaks. In the human host, the virus can cause pulmonary sequelae and can result in death. Collaborative international efforts between health care workers and scientists led to the detection and isolation of the virus. Use of available antiviral therapies and implementation of strict infection control measures became pivotal for disease containment, as the discovery for new agents to eradicate the virus emerged. To date, novel preventative or curativemedications and vaccines are lacking. Lessons learned from this pandemic must be remembered, as the emergence of another unknown infectious disease can occur instantaneously and, once again, endanger mankind.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among Veterans Affairs healthcare system employees suggests higher risk of infection when exposed to SARS-CoV-2 outside the work environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek E. Dimcheff ◽  
Richard J. Schildhouse ◽  
Mark S. Hausman ◽  
Brenda M. Vincent ◽  
Erica Markovitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Veterans Affairs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Direct Patient Care ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
History Of

Abstract Objective: The seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibody was evaluated among employees of a Veterans Affairs healthcare system to assess potential risk factors for transmission and infection. Methods: All employees were invited to participate in a questionnaire and serological survey to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 as part of a facility-wide quality improvement and infection prevention initiative regardless of clinical or nonclinical duties. The initiative was conducted from June 8 to July 8, 2020. Results: Of the 2,900 employees, 51% participated in the study, revealing a positive SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 4.9% (72 of 1,476; 95% CI, 3.8%–6.1%). There were no statistically significant differences in the presence of antibody based on gender, age, frontline worker status, job title, performance of aerosol-generating procedures, or exposure to known patients with coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) within the hospital. Employees who reported exposure to a known COVID-19 case outside work had a significantly higher seroprevalence at 14.8% (23 of 155) compared to those who did not 3.7% (48 of 1,296; OR, 4.53; 95% CI, 2.67–7.68; P < .0001). Notably, 29% of seropositive employees reported no history of symptoms for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among employees was not significantly different among those who provided direct patient care and those who did not, suggesting that facility-wide infection control measures were effective. Employees who reported direct personal contact with COVID-19–positive persons outside work were more likely to have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Employee exposure to SARS-CoV-2 outside work may introduce infection into hospitals.

scholarly journals Assessment of Intervention Measures for the 2003 SARS Epidemic in Taiwan by Use of a Back-Projection Method

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (05) ◽  
pp. 525-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. F. Yip ◽  
Y. H. Hsieh ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
K. F. Lam ◽  
C. C. King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Projection Method ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Classification Procedure ◽  
Major Infection ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Intervention Measures

Objectives. To reconstruct the infection curve for the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Taiwan and to ascertain the temporal changes in the daily number of infections that occurred during the course of the outbreak. Method. Back-projection method. Results. The peaks of the epidemic correspond well with the occurrence of major infection clusters in the hospitals. The overall downward trend of the infection curve after early May corresponds well to the date (May 10) when changes in the review and classification procedure were implemented by the SARS Prevention and Extrication Committee. Conclusion. The major infection control measures taken by the Taiwanese government over the course of the SARS epidemic, particularly those regarding infection control in hospitals, played a crucial role in containing the outbreak.

scholarly journals THE EPIDEMICS OF COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Siddique ◽  
A Fateh ◽  
N Idrees ◽  
Q Ali ◽  
MM Hafeez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
New Public Health ◽  
The People ◽  
New Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Due to modernization and industrialization the whole world population is under the threat of new diseases. With the passage of every day even every moment the diseases are taking the world by large. Recently, there is a new public health issue which started from China and has raised the eyebrow of the whole world population. The reversal and modified coronavirus, known as novel coronavirus leading to acute Respiratory syndrome coronavirus, (SAR-CoV-2) is causing deaths throughout the world. This Virus has been originated and usually found in bats with an ability to be transmitted to humans or animals through various unknown intermediate vectors from Wuhan, The Hubei Province of China ( December 2019). This virus has been named as COVID-19, which spread through inhalation or even through contacting with the infected person. The survival and the incubation period of this virus have been found to be ranged from 2-14days. Most one of the three people suffering are found to be asymptomatic, act as carrier and they are source of transmitting it to the healthy people. The disease has been found to be remained mild in most of the people with symptoms which are usually in the form of cough, fever, fatigue, sore throat, malaise, breathlessness lack of taste and among others, it may lead to pneumonia, multi-organ dysfunction and severe respiratory disorders, the fatality rate is 2-3%. It can be diagnosed by respiratory secretion through molecular test. The tomographic scan of chest has been found abnormal in most of cases, even among those patients who have been suffered with mild or no symptoms. Antiviral agents are being used in treating the disease due to lack of solid medicine in the market. It has been recommended to isolate the person with mild, severe of chronic symptoms and to take possible precautionary measures as the virus spread faster than its two previous strains as SAR CoV and Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MER-CoV) which had low fatality rate.

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