scholarly journals An overview on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

2005 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S.C. Hui
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Systemic Steroid ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Immune Mediated

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerged infectious disease that has caught the medical profession by surprise in 2003. The major clinical features include persistent fever, chills/rigor, myalgia, malaise, dry cough, headache and dyspnoea but diarrhea occurs in 40-70% of patients after hospital admission. Respiratory failure is the major complication of SARS; at least half of the patients require supplemental oxygen during the acute phase whereas about 20% of patients progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring invasive mechanical ventilatory support. In contrast, the severity is generally mild in infected young children. Due to our limited understanding of this new disease, treatment of SARS was empirical in 2003. Protease inhibitor (Lopinavir/ritonavir) in combination with ribavirin may play a role as antiviral therapy in the early phase whereas nelfinavir is a promising alternative. The role of interferon and systemic steroid in preventing immune- mediated lung injury deserves further investigation. In addition, other anti-viral treatment, RNA interference, monoclonal antibody, synthetic peptides, and vaccines are being developed. Rapid diagnosis, early isolation, and good infection control measures are important in preventing spread of the infection.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Pediatric Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (227) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupesh Shrestha ◽  
Laxman Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Disease Spectrum ◽  
New Public Health ◽  
New Public

Coronavirus disease 2019, the new public health emergency that originated in China, is spreading rapidly across the globe with limited tools to confine this growing pandemic. The virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is transmitted by droplet infection from person to person. Our current understanding of the disease spectrum is limited. The proportion of infected children is significantly less compared to adults with the majority of them showing mild symptoms. More than half of symptomatic children present with fever and cough. However, the extent of asymptomatic infection in children and the role they play in community transmission is still undetermined. Although there are case reports of neonates infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, vertical transmission from infected mother to new-born is yet to be proven. The disease is confirmed by demonstration of the virus by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerasechain reaction in respiratory secretions. Due to the lack of specific antiviral agents, we rely on infection-control measures to prevent disease spread and on supportive care for infected ones. This article has summarized the clinical characteristics of children with coronavirus disease 2019 based on published case reports.

scholarly journals A child with SARS-CoV2 induced croup

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Tsoi ◽  
Kate Chan ◽  
Chi Ngong Lawrence Chan ◽  
Geoffrey Mok ◽  
Albert Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Early Diagnostic

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection usually causes no or mild coryzal symptoms in the paediatric population. In this letter, we describe a 21-month-old boy infected with SARS-CoV-2 who presented atypically with features compatible with croup. With the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, infection control measures need to be appropriately heightened and early diagnostic sampling for SARS-CoV-2 should be carried out even in symptomatology that is atypical of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Emergence of a New Pandemic

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Anjly Sheth ◽  
Frank Romanelli
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
New Agents ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Care Workers

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic depicted the vulnerability of man and tested our ability to respond to a global emergency. The SARS-coronavirus has been postulated to originate in animals and subsequently spread to and infect humans. It is transmissible via direct and indirect contact with infected persons or their environment. Poor infection control practices have been responsible for numerous outbreaks. In the human host, the virus can cause pulmonary sequelae and can result in death. Collaborative international efforts between health care workers and scientists led to the detection and isolation of the virus. Use of available antiviral therapies and implementation of strict infection control measures became pivotal for disease containment, as the discovery for new agents to eradicate the virus emerged. To date, novel preventative or curativemedications and vaccines are lacking. Lessons learned from this pandemic must be remembered, as the emergence of another unknown infectious disease can occur instantaneously and, once again, endanger mankind.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among Veterans Affairs healthcare system employees suggests higher risk of infection when exposed to SARS-CoV-2 outside the work environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek E. Dimcheff ◽  
Richard J. Schildhouse ◽  
Mark S. Hausman ◽  
Brenda M. Vincent ◽  
Erica Markovitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Veterans Affairs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Direct Patient Care ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
History Of

Abstract Objective: The seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibody was evaluated among employees of a Veterans Affairs healthcare system to assess potential risk factors for transmission and infection. Methods: All employees were invited to participate in a questionnaire and serological survey to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 as part of a facility-wide quality improvement and infection prevention initiative regardless of clinical or nonclinical duties. The initiative was conducted from June 8 to July 8, 2020. Results: Of the 2,900 employees, 51% participated in the study, revealing a positive SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 4.9% (72 of 1,476; 95% CI, 3.8%–6.1%). There were no statistically significant differences in the presence of antibody based on gender, age, frontline worker status, job title, performance of aerosol-generating procedures, or exposure to known patients with coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) within the hospital. Employees who reported exposure to a known COVID-19 case outside work had a significantly higher seroprevalence at 14.8% (23 of 155) compared to those who did not 3.7% (48 of 1,296; OR, 4.53; 95% CI, 2.67–7.68; P < .0001). Notably, 29% of seropositive employees reported no history of symptoms for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among employees was not significantly different among those who provided direct patient care and those who did not, suggesting that facility-wide infection control measures were effective. Employees who reported direct personal contact with COVID-19–positive persons outside work were more likely to have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Employee exposure to SARS-CoV-2 outside work may introduce infection into hospitals.

scholarly journals Assessment of Intervention Measures for the 2003 SARS Epidemic in Taiwan by Use of a Back-Projection Method

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (05) ◽  
pp. 525-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. F. Yip ◽  
Y. H. Hsieh ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
K. F. Lam ◽  
C. C. King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Projection Method ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Classification Procedure ◽  
Major Infection ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Intervention Measures

Objectives. To reconstruct the infection curve for the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Taiwan and to ascertain the temporal changes in the daily number of infections that occurred during the course of the outbreak. Method. Back-projection method. Results. The peaks of the epidemic correspond well with the occurrence of major infection clusters in the hospitals. The overall downward trend of the infection curve after early May corresponds well to the date (May 10) when changes in the review and classification procedure were implemented by the SARS Prevention and Extrication Committee. Conclusion. The major infection control measures taken by the Taiwanese government over the course of the SARS epidemic, particularly those regarding infection control in hospitals, played a crucial role in containing the outbreak.

The Urgent Countermeasures in Infection Control for Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan-Ti Lee ◽  
Shih-Ming Tsao ◽  
Chien-Feng Li ◽  
Ying-Hsiang Chou ◽  
Chien-Ning Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Medical University

Abstract The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a large-scale outbreak and has rapidly spread across China and multiple countries. We reported countermeasures in infection control for diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) infection and the experiences of point of care diagnostics and medical quarantine for presumed SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects. We conducted a retrospective cohort study on subjects came to Chung Shan Medical University Hospital with suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection during January to March, 2020. We performed the real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction testing (rRT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2-infection and reported the results of testing and treatment. A total of 212 participants were enrolled due to suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Five of those were confirmed COVID-19 cases after monitoring for a period of 14 days and were cured. The time to rRT-PCR test conversion after treatment is variate. The infection control measures of home quarantine and mandatory medical quarantine combined with rapid diagnosis seem to postpone the speed of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection at once in Taiwan. Due to lack of vaccination and confirmed antiviral therapy, it is important to strictly abide by the infection control measures.

scholarly journals Infection Control Measures for Operative Procedures in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–related Patients

2004 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 1394-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Wei Ter Chee ◽  
Mark Li-Chung Khoo ◽  
Sow Fong Lee ◽  
Yeow Choy Lai ◽  
Ngek Mien Chin
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Operative Procedures ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
First Case

Background Singapore reported its first case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in early March 2003 and was placed on the World Health Organization's list of SARS-affected countries on March 15, 2003. During the outbreak, Tan Tock Seng Hospital was designated as the national SARS hospital in Singapore to manage all known SARS patients. Stringent infection control measures were introduced to protect healthcare workers and control intrahospital transmission of SARS. Work-flow processes for surgery were extensively modified. Methods The authors describe the development of infection control measures, the conduct of surgical procedures, and the management of high-risk procedures during the SARS outbreak. Results Forty-one operative procedures, including 15 high-risk procedures (surgical tracheostomy), were performed on SARS-related patients. One hundred twenty-four healthcare workers had direct contact with SARS patients during these procedures. There was no transmission of SARS within the operating room complex. Conclusions Staff personal protection, patient risk categorization, and reorganization of operating room workflow processes formed the key elements for the containment of SARS transmission. Lessons learned during this outbreak will help in the planning and execution of infection control measures, should another outbreak occur.

A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF COVID–19 DETECTION USING CLOSED MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES IN THE URBAN CITY OF GUJARAT

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
Shivani Rupala ◽  
Sonam Maniar ◽  
Gayatri Jadeja ◽  
Ruchita Mer ◽  
Charmi Changela
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Cell Counts

At the end of 2019 a novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing severe acute respiratory syndrome amplied globally from Wuhan, China. In March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the SARS-Cov-2 virus a global pandemic. The disease is spread through inhalation or contact with infected droplets and the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 days. The symptoms are usually fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, weakness others. The disease is moderate in most people. It may continue to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multi-organ dysfunction. Many people are asymptomatic. Diagnosis is by the presentation of the virus in respiratory secretions by special molecular tests. Common laboratory ndings include normal and or low white cell counts with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with asymptomatic or mild disease. Prevention leads to home isolation of suspected cases and those with mild illnesses and strict infection control measures at hospitals that include contact and droplet precautions. Due to the current review, we summarized and equally analyze the emergence and pathogenicity of COVID 19 infection and previous human coronavirus severe acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV). In Particular, focus on public health impact, pathophysiology and clinical manifestation, diagnosis, case management.

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