Precipitation and Complement-Fixation Reactions with Pneumococcus Soluble Specific Substance

1934 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-483
Author(s):  
R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Specific Substance

scholarly journals THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS AND CERTAIN OF ITS CHEMICAL FRACTIONS

1925 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Lancefield
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
High Titer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Streptococcus Viridans ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Different Strains

1. Agglutination and precipitation by the specific substance of Streptococcus viridans are parallel phenomena. Separate specific substances have been extracted from strains which are distinct by ordinary serological tests. Preliminary chemical examination indicates that the specific substances may be complex carbohydrates. 2. A close relationship between nucleoproteins from different strains of Streptococcus viridans is suggested by the existence of a certain amount of cross-precipitation and a larger degree of cross-complement fixation. But the occurrence of stronger reactions with homologous nucleoproteins than with heterologous indicates that there is some degree of individual difference in proteins from separate strains. 3. Two distinct antibodies are present in the sera antibacterial for Streptococcus viridans: one of high titer implicated in the parallel phenomena of agglutination and precipitation by the soluble specific substance, the other usually of low titer and involved in precipitation by nucleoproteins but probably little, if at all, in agglutination. The significance of these results obtained from the study of antibacterial sera will be considered in the general discussion of the antigenic components of Streptococcus viridans after the results from the study of antinucleoprotein sera have been presented in the succeeding paper.

scholarly journals THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS AND CERTAIN OF ITS CHEMICAL FRACTIONS

1925 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Lancefield
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
Group Relationships ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

1. The immunological behavior of two cell constituents of nonhemolytic streptococci has been studied, (a) One, the so called nucleoprotein, is relatively non-specific and gives rise to an antibody which shows group reactions with nucleoproteins of related species. (b) The other is non-protein by qualitative chemical tests. Preliminary chemical examination has indicated that it may be a carbohydrate. Although this substance is highly reactive with the specific antibodies produced by the intact bacterial cell, yet in its chemically purified condition it is probably non-antigenic. Specific serological reactions with this substance are dosely related to specific agglutination of the microorganism. 2. The study of sera prepared by immunization with the chemically extracted protein has shown the presence of antibodies for nudeoproteins alone. No antibodies against the specific soluble substance have been found in these sera. The protein antibodies are little, if at all, concerned in causing agglutination. Precipitin tests, complement fixation reactions, and absorption experiments have been used to analyze the group relationships with the nucleoproteins of other species. The proteins of each species of Gram-positive cocci studied were immunologically similar within the species and showed definite relationships to the proteins from related species. Proteins from bacteria of unrelated species did not react with antisera against streptococcus protein. 3. Two distinct antibodies have been demonstrated in antisera prepared against living bacteria. By prolonged immunization it was found possible to produce sera with a high content of protein as well as specific antibodies. With ordinary methods, however, the immune sera had a low content of relatively non-specific protein antibodies but a high titer for specific antibodies. The specific antibodies were not reactive with proteins but were active with high dilutions of the soluble specific substance and were responsible for the parallel specific agglutination. Absorption experiments showed that the two antibodies in antibacterial sera were immunologically distinct.

scholarly journals A soluble specific substance in spirochætes

1934 ◽  
Vol 114 (790) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Reactive Substance ◽  
Appreciable Quantity ◽  
Biochemical Methods ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Active Substances

In the differentiation and recognition of the various species of spirochætes morphological and biochemical methods of study give such limited assistance that there is every inducement to investigate more fully the serological relationships of these organisms. By use of the agglutination, complement fixation and adhesion tests, by the use of Pfeiffer's phenomenon, and by a study of active immunity against infection, much information has already been obtained. With the ultimate object of adding to the differential tests in vogue we have begun a search in certain of the more easily cultivated types of spirochætes for soluble, specific, serologically active substances comparable to those which have now been isolated from many bacteria. The greatest initial difficulty has been to cultivate the organisms in sufficient amount to allow of the extraction from them of any appreciable quantity of a reactive substance: the culture of spirochætes in bulk is a very different problem from that of growing them in a few test tubes.

scholarly journals THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TYPE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATES OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THE BLOOD GROUP SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE A

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Witebsky ◽  
Erwin Neter ◽  
Harry Sobotka
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Type I ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Group Substance ◽  
Group A ◽  
Acetyl Group ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. A relationship between the soluble specific substances of pneumococci and the blood group substance A of man can be demonstrated by the inhibition of sheep cell hemolysis by a group specific A-antiserum. However, there are quantitative differences between the various types. 2. A striking difference exists between the acetyl and the de-acetylated polysaccharide of Pneumococcus Type I: The de-acetylated carbohydrate fails to react with the group specific A-antiserum, while the acetyl carbohydrate shows a strong reactivity. 3. The minimum amount of the acetyl polysaccharide, which inhibits sheep cell hemolysis by A-antiserum, is almost as small as that of the group specific carbohydrate isolated by Freudenberg and Eichel from urines of group A. 4. The reactivity of the acetyl polysaccharide can be demonstrated not only by the hemolysis inhibition test, but also by complement fixation and by inhibition of group specific iso-agglutination. 5. Feces filtrates, which possess the ability to destroy the blood group specific substances A and B of man, also affect the acetyl polysaccharide of Pneumococcus Type I. After incubation with an effective feces filtrate, the acetyl polysaccharide almost completely loses its potency toward the group specific A-antiserum and also its ability to inhibit the iso-agglutination of A blood cells. 6. Acetyl polysaccharide of Pneumococcus Type I, having lost its reactivity toward the group-specific A-antiserum after treatment with feces filtrate, still reacts with Type I pneumococcus antiserum which was previously absorbed with de-acetylated polysaccharide, Type I. Thus, the essential effect of the feces filtrate on acetyl polysaccharide, Type I, is not the cleavage of acetyl group, but some other chemical alteration.

Immune Electron Microscopy (IEM) of a Canine Adeno-Associated Virus

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
Gunter F. Thomas ◽  
M. David Hoggan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Immune Electron Microscopy ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Virus Like Particle ◽  
Dog Kidney ◽  
Green Monkeys

In 1968, Sugimura and Yanagawa described a small 25 nm virus like particle in association with the Matsuda strain of infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICHV). Domoto and Yanagawa showed that this particle was dependent on ICHV for its replication in primary dog kidney cell cultures (PDK) and was resistant to heating at 70°C for 10 min, and concluded that it was a canine adeno-associated virus (CAAV). Later studies by Onuma and Yanagawa compared CAAV with the known human serotypes (AAV 1, 2, 3) and AAV-4, known to be associated with African Green Monkeys. Using the complement fixation (CF) test, they found that CAAV was serologically related to AAV-3 and had wide distribution in the dog population of Japan.

Evaluation of the Complement Fixation Test in Amebiasis

1952 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwood Buchman ◽  
Harold J. Kullman ◽  
George F. Margonis
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Fixation Test

IMMUNOASSAY OF GONADOTROPHINS USING COMPLEMENT FIXATION

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S113-S133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Brody
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Standard Practice ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Technical Procedure ◽  
Methodological Problems

ABSTRACT This report is a summary of 10 years of experience with the complement fixation test as adopted for the immunoassay of HCG in serum. It is based on published as well as unpublished material. The discussion centers mainly around methodological problems, criteria of reliability, and clinical observations. It is our impression that the complement fixation test is a reasonably rapid and simple technical procedure. It is standard practice in every bacteriological and virological laboratory. The precision of the HCG assay is high. Its accuracy is good. The complement fixation assay, as reported here, fulfils the criteria of specificity. It has been evaluated by means of serological techniques and through comparison between biopotency and immunopotency of HCG in serum with reference to a common standard. Its application for routine as well as research work is illustrated.

CHEMISTRY OF GONADOTROPHINS IN RELATION TO THEIR ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S13-S30 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Butt
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Neuraminic Acid ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Immunological Activity ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
Structural Differences

ABSTRACT Several chemical differences between FSH, LH and HCG have been reported: thus LH and HCG are richer in proline than FSH and FSH and HCG contain more N-acetyl neuraminic acid than LH. Sub-units of LH are formed by treatment with urea, guanidine or acid. HCG also may contain two sub-units. The sub-units from LH are biologically inert but retain their immunological activity: biological activity is restored when the sub-units are incubated together. There is much evidence from chemical and enzymic reactions that antigenic groups are distinct from those parts of the molecule essential for biological activity. N-acetyl neuraminic acid and probably other carbohydrates in FSH and HCG are not involved in immunological activity but are necessary for biological activity. Histidine, methionine and possibly cysteine appear to be essential for biological but not immunological activity of FSH, while tryptophan and possibly tyrosine are not essential for either. A few highly specific antisera to gonadotrophins have been prepared in rabbits and guinea pigs to crude antigens: there is no evidence that purified antigens are more likely to produce specific antisera. Differences in the immunological reactivities of urinary compared with pituitary gonadotrophins have been observed both by radioimmunoassay and by the complement fixation technique. The latter may be particularly useful for detecting structural differences in the hormones.

Rapid detection of Chlamydia/Chlamydophila group in samples collected from swine herds with and without reproductive disorders

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rypula ◽  
A. Kumala ◽  
P. Lis ◽  
K. Niemczuk ◽  
K. Płoneczka-Janeczko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Swine Herds

Abstract The study was carried out in seven reproductive herds of pigs. In three of them reproductive disorders were observed. Three herds consisted of 10-50 and four consisted of 120-500 adult sows and they were called small and medium, respectively. Fifty-seven adult sows were randomly selected from herds. Serum samples were tested using the complement fixation test and swabs from both eyes and from the vaginal vestibule were examined using real-time PCR. All serum samples were negative. Infected sows were present in each of the study herds. In total, there were 28 positive samples (53%, 28/48) in real-time PCR in sows with reproductive disorders and 35 (53%, 35/66) in sows selected from herds without problems in reproduction. One isolate proved to be Chlamydophila pecorum, whereas all the remaining were Chamydia suis

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