The Transfer of Learning: The Import of Chinese and Dutch Books in Togukawa Japan

I have often said, though mainly to captive audiences of students of Leiden University, that the mental map Japanese intellectuals had of their country counted three important hubs: Kyoto, Edo, and Nagasaki. Kyoto had the highest density ofjuku; it was the place where people studied. Edo was the place where everyone, and certainly the samurai, met; it was a clearing-house of all kinds of information. Nagasaki, finally, was the place that all self-respecting scholars and physicians would want to visit at least once, to get a whiff of the atmosphere of their “source country,” be it China or the Netherlands, and to acquire books.This thesis, such as it is, breaks down into three questions that can, in principle, be answered. (1) Who travelled to Nagasaki? When? What did they do there? How long did they stay? What are the aggregate numbers? (2) Did an appreciable quantity of the imported Dutch and Chinese books remain in Nagasaki? (3) Did there exist an intellectual establishment in Nagasaki that catered to the needs of visiting students? In practice, it might well be a life's work to answer these questions. In this article, I will concentrate on one aspect of the second of these questions: the import of foreign books through Nagasaki. The context, however, should be kept in mind.This idea has been with me ever since I read that Hayashi Razan(1583–1657) visited Nagasaki twice—once as a private person in the autumn of Keichō 7 (1602), when he stayed for over one month, and the second time in Keichō 12 (1607), immediately after he had been taken into the employ of Tokugawa Ieyasu's (1542–1616; shogun 1603–5).

The Status and Future of the Electronic Chart

There is still fierce debate in the international community regarding the use and standards of electronic chart data and equipment. Whilst the standards for ecdis are now virtually complete and type-approved equipment will be entering the market during 1998, there is currently no IMO/IHO compliant enc data service from any national hydrographic office. It is expected that it will be 1 to 2 years before there is any appreciable quantity of enc data supported by a proper update service. It will be many more years before enc data becomes available to match the present coverage of paper charts, but we can expect that most major routes and the port entries of the majority of the world's trading nations will be available within a few years. This situation is examined, together with the ideas that IMO is considering to improve the availability of official electronic chart data. In addition, the distribution of electronic charts is discussed and the future trends in navigation that will occur with the availability of ecdis equipment and related data are explored.

Bacteriology of inadequately treated active chronic otitis media in paediatric age group

Haphazardly treated active otitis media was investigated bacteriologically in 214 children. Analysis showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more prevalent than other micro-organisms. Candida was also found in appreciable quantity. The author contends that this was due to inadequate self treatment before these children reported in his hospital. He advocates that decision regarding the chemotherapeutic agent to be used should be based on culture and in vitro sensitivity.

ACTION DES FERTILISATIONS TARDIVES SUR LE GENÉVRIER (Juniperus chinensis ’Pfitzerana Aurea’) CULTIVÉ EN CONTENANTS

Three-year-old plants of Juniperus chinensis ’Pfitzerana Aurea’ grown in containers were fertilized until August, September or October. Frost tolerance, water, mineral, total sugar, and starch content of shoots and roots were followed during the fall. Fall fertilization increased N and K content in the shoots and roots and accelerated shoot spring growth. Contents of P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn in the shoots and roots were not modified by the late fertilization regimes in the fall. Hardening of mature root and shoot was not affected by the prolongation of fertilization. Young roots did not harden. Water content of shoots decreased during hardening. The variability of root water content was too important to allow a detection of any reduction. At the end of fall, starch was almost completely hydrolyzed in shoots while it remained in appreciable quantity in roots. Total sugars increased more in shoots than in roots during the fall. The prolongation of fertilization had no influence on the total sugar or starch accumulation in shoots. Prolongation of the fertilization until October increased the starch and sugar content in roots.Key words: Juniperus chinensis ’Pfitzerana Aurea’, cold hardiness, growth, fertilization, water content, sugars, starch

The formation and distribution of bilirubin monoglucuronide and diglucuronide in rat liver slices

1. Bilirubin conjugation in rat liver slices was reassessed by using analysis of ethyl anthranilate azopigments to estimate separately the formation of bilirubin mono- and di-glucuronides. 2. Conjugation in slices resembles the situation in vivo more closely than does microsomal conjugation, in that diglucuronide is formed in appreciable quantity. 3. Both bilirubin mono- and di-glucuronides were present in slices in approximately equal amounts, but the monoglucuronide was the major product found in the incubation medium. 4. These results are discussed in relation to recent theories on the relationship between bilirubin mono- and di-glucuronide formation in vivo.

TRYPTAMINE LEVELS IN PASTURAGE IMPLICATED IN BOVINE PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA

Pasture mediated bovine pulmonary emphysema (BPE) in British Columbia may be associated with high tryptamine levels in aftermath pasture following hay on wetland meadows. Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) (RCG) is the most common component of the BPE meadows containing tryptamines. Tryptamines in this species occur primarily in young chlorophyllous tissue but not in appreciable quantity in root, stem or older leaves; moreover tryptamines disappear with the advent of sharp frost at which time BPE vanishes. Ammonium source fertilizer, especially when applied at high rates, but not nitrate source fertilizer, is associated with high tryptamine levels in RCG Animal trials to confirm involvement of RCG and tryptamines in BPE appear to be warranted.

OCCURRENCE OF SORBITOL (D-GLUCITOL) AND CERTAIN RELATED SUGARS IN GERMINATING SEEDS AND DEVELOPING SEEDLINGS OF MALUS

The amounts of sorbitol (D-glucitol) and related sugars in Malus grown in daylight and dark were estimated by chromatographic means. Fructose was the largest single soluble carbohydrate fraction in the seed. Sorbitol was found in germinating apple seed, and in all organs of the developing seedling, including the root. Photosynthesizing cotyledons appeared to be a site of synthesis of sorbitol. The results show sorbitol to be a reserve form of carbohydrate in seeds and cotyledons of apple. Sucrose was the major translocate. The oligosaccharides melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose were present in germinating seeds. They seem to serve a storage role in the seed, for they quickly disappeared during germination and did not appear in the actively growing seedling either in light or dark. An unidentified oligosaccharide was present in germinating seeds in appreciable quantity.

IDENTIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PAROTID FLUID CORTICOSTEROIDS

ABSTRACT Parotid fluid, which can be collected in continuous fashion, was previously shown to possess free 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OH-CS) levels which paralleled those in serum and reached a maximum two hours after corticotrophin or cortisol administration to normal men. The present study demonstrates that intravenously administered cortisol rapidly appears in parotid fluid, and that, thus, parotid fluid 17-OH-CS levels would serve as reliable indicators of plasma corticosteroid levels. This was borne out by ACTH stimulation studies in patients with Cushing's Syndrome as well as adrenal hyporesponsiveness. In the third trimester of pregnancy, despite the large rise in plasma 17-OH-CS, there was only a small, though significant, increase in parotid fluid 17-OH-CS. Conjugated 17-OH-CS were not found in appreciable quantity in parotid fluid. Chemical and radioisotopic techniques indicated cortisol and cortisone to be the major human parotid fluid 17-OH-CS. Parotid tissue from the dog converted cortisol to cortisone. Radioactive aldosterone, oestrogen and androgen also appeared in parotid fluid after intravenous injection.

Studies on the Digestion of Wool by Insects VIII. the Significance of Certain Excretory Products of the Clothes Moth, Tineola Bisselliella, and the Carpet Beetle, Att Agenus Piceus

The excreta of clothes moth larvae (Tineola) bred on a� standard undyed woollen fabric, the black carpet beetle (Attagenus) living on wool, and the potato moth (Gnorimoschema) feeding on potato tubers, have been examined. Water-soluble nitrogen constitutes most of the total nitrogen in both Tineola and Attagenus excreta. The fraction of this water-soluble nitrogen ontributed by uric acid or its salts is high in Tineola, but considerably lower in Attagenus. Up to 3 per cent. urea and an appreciable quantity of ammonia are also present.

An interpretation of the composition of high-silica sericites

The high-silica sericites generally contain a corresponding appreciable quantity of a divalent element, usually magnesium, and their chemical composition is interpreted as being intermediate between that of muscovite, KAl2 (AlSi3)O10(OH)2, and that of the equivalent high-silica mica leucophyllite, KAlMg (Si4)O10(OH)2. The series muscovite-leucophyllite includes the named micas phengite (high-silica sericite), mariposite, and alurgite. Selected analyses are plotted and fall on a corresponding straight compositional variation line from muscovite to leucophyllite. It is shown diagrammatically that the analysed sample of mariposite probably contained about 8 % of quartz. It is recommended that the only species names in this series to be retained are those of the end members muscovite and leucophyllite. Their indices of refraction and specific gravities are very similar.