Die Rolle der Wälder im Protokoll von Kyoto – Abschätzung ihres Kohlenstoffvorrates gestützt auf Satellitendaten | The role of the forest in the Kyoto Protocol – Estimation of carbon reserve using satellite data

Switzerland became a signatory to the climate convention in 1993 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2003. This means that in the period from 2008 to 2012 the country is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 8%compared to 1990. Switzerland has to deposit its annual greenhouse gas inventory with the Climate Convention Secretariat. This also includes accounts of the CO2 of the forest. Within the framework of its Data User Programme the European Space Agency (ESA) has offered to test the use of its Remote Collected Data System for forest reporting for the Kyoto Protocol. By participating in this project Switzerland aims to examine in how far it can automate its annual forest CO2 balance using objective data taken directly from the satellite.

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The Role of the European Space Agency in Global Change Observations

Earth Observation of Global Change ◽

10.1007/978-1-4020-6358-9_3 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 49-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Olivier Arino

Keyword(s):

Global Change ◽

European Space Agency ◽

Space Agency

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Jährliche CO2-Flüsse im Wald: Berechnungsmethode für das Treibhausgasinventar | Annual CO2 fluxes in forests: calculation method for the Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen ◽

10.3188/szf.2008.0031 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 159 (2) ◽

pp. 31-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Esther Thürig ◽

Stéphanie Schmid

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Kyoto Protocol ◽

Calculation Method ◽

Carbon Sink ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

National Forest Inventory ◽

Special Role ◽

Greenhouse Gas Inventory ◽

Emission Data ◽

Average Growth

Forests can be carbon sinks as well as carbon sources. In the Kyoto Protocol, forests play a special role. According to Art. 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol, Switzerland has decided to account for forest management. Since 1990, each participating country must submit the Greenhouse Gas Inventory (GHGI) to the climate convention. These inventories build the basis for the annual estimation of carbon sink and sources under the Kyoto Protocol. This article describes the calculation method of the forest carbon budget in the Swiss GHGI, which is obtained by utilizing the database of the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI 1 and 2). Annual CO2-budgets are derived from using the annual wood production, annual climate values, and a climate-sensitive growth model. The large spatial and temporal resolutions of the emission data and factors optimally represent the spatial heterogeneity in Switzerland. The main gaps are in estimating carbon fluxes in dead wood and soil. Moreover, the effect of the annual climate variation on average growth should be investigated in more detail. Once the NFI3 data are available, CO2-budgets will need to be recalculated going as far back as 1995.

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Greenhouse gas emissions and the role of the Kyoto Protocol

Environmental Economics and Policy Studies ◽

10.1007/s10018-012-0047-1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 325-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Hiroki Iwata ◽

Keisuke Okada

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Kyoto Protocol ◽

Gas Emissions

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7. Politics of climate change

Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction ◽

10.1093/actrade/9780198719045.003.0007 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 114-135

Author(s):

Mark Maslin

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Kyoto Protocol ◽

International Agreements ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Climate Change Negotiations ◽

The Us ◽

Accounting Rules ◽

Kyoto Mechanisms

Climate change can only be solved by having binding international agreements to cut global greenhouse gas emissions. ‘Politics of climate change’ reviews the role of the UNFCC and the regular ‘Conference of the Parties’ (COPs) climate change negotiations beginning with the Kyoto Protocol, which was signed in 1997 by over 190 countries. Failures at COP15 in Copenhagen (2009) due to the introduction by the US and BASIC countries of voluntary pledges set back negotiations. COP18 in Doha (2012) reinstated the Kyoto mechanisms and accounting rules, and encouraged parties to review and, if possible, increase their commitments. It is hoped that a timetable for a binding climate agreement can be finalized at COP21 in Paris in 2015.

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The PUR Experiment on the EXPOSE-R facility: biological dosimetry of solar extraterrestrial UV radiation

International Journal of Astrobiology ◽

10.1017/s1473550414000287 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 47-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. Bérces ◽

M. Egyeki ◽

A. Fekete ◽

G. Horneck ◽

G. Kovács ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Uv Radiation ◽

European Space Agency ◽

Space Station ◽

Dose Effect ◽

Space Agency ◽

Solar Uv ◽

Effect Relation ◽

Uv Dose ◽

Radiation Conditions

AbstractThe aim of our experiment Phage and Uracil Response was to extend the use of bacteriophage T7 and uracil biological dosimeters for measuring the biologically effective ultraviolet (UV) dose in the harsh extraterrestrial radiation conditions. The biological detectors were exposed in vacuum-tightly cases in the European Space Agency (ESA) astrobiological exposure facility attached to the external platform of Zvezda (EXPOSE-R). EXPOSE-R took off to the International Space Station (ISS) in November 2008 and was installed on the External platform of the Russian module Zvezda of the ISS in March 2009. Our goal was to determine the dose–effect relation for the formation of photoproducts (i.e. damage to phage DNA and uracil, respectively). The extraterrestrial solar UV radiation ranges over the whole spectrum from vacuum-UV (λ<200 nm) to UVA (315 nm<λ<400 nm), which causes photolesions (photoproducts) in the nucleic acids/their components either by photoionization or excitation. However, these wavelengths cause not only photolesions but in a wavelength-dependent efficiency the reversion of some photolesions, too. Our biological detectors measured in situ conditions the resultant of both reactions induced by the extraterrestrial UV radiation. From this aspect the role of the photoreversion in the extension of the biological UV dosimetry are discussed.

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