The Role of the Global Solar UV Index for Sun Protection of Children in German Kindergartens

More than twenty-five years ago the Global Solar UV index (UVI) has been introduced as a simple means of visualizing the intensity of ultraviolet radiation and to alert people to the need for sun protection. In our survey among directors of 436 kindergartens in southern Germany we investigated the level of awareness and knowledge about the UVI as well as the practical consequences for sun protection in kindergartens. Less than half of the directors (n=208, 47.7%) had ever heard of the UVI, and only a small minority of them (n=34, 8.7%) used the daily UVI information to adapt sun protective measures in their kindergartens. Detailed knowledge about the UVI was a rarity among the respondents. The proportion of respondents with self-perceived detailed UVI knowledge was five times higher than actual knowledge assessed by an in-depth structured interview using open-ended questions about the UVI (14.2% vs. 2.8%). No clear relationship of UVI awareness, knowledge, and use to directors' age and gender was found. The UVI-related variables also showed no association with directors' knowledge of risk factors for skin cancer and their attitudes towards tanned skin. Overall, the results paint a sobering picture regarding the penetration of the UVI into sun protection policies of German kindergartens. Future public health campaigns should target increasing awareness and understanding of the UVI as well as its importance for sun protection of children.

Relationship Between Vitamin D Supplementation and Improvement in Body for Carcinogenesis: A Literature Review

Vitamins are probably the best-selling dietary supplements in the United States, in which an estimated 35% of the population take multivitamin and mineral supplements. Data relating microconstituents to carcinogenesis are extremely limited, as explained in the first report. A striking feature of many of the compounds in the three groups mentioned above is their capacity to prevent or retard the occurrence of neoplasia. However, there is a paucity of data concerning the conditions under which inhibition occurs, the mechanisms of inhibition, and the precise impact of these microconstituents on humans. A literature review was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar using the index terms "carcinogenesis" and "cancer" and "vitamin D" All types of studies were included for this study, such as randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, literature reviews, and pilot studies published between 2010 and 2021. Articles which not written in English were excluded from the study. This search resulted in 10 papers. Many of the mechanisms proposed for vitamin D and cancer prevention have been studied only in the context of one tissue or one type of cancer and so further studies must be conducted to determine if these mechanisms can be generalized. For example, while higher serum (25(OH)D3) is associated with reduced cancer risk, and CYP27B1 is expressed in non-renal cells, there is no evidence that the low-level expression of CYP27B1 in tissues leads to meaningful local production of 1a,25(OH)2D3 or calcitriol, and that this mediates the protection from cancer provided by high vitamin D status. In conclusion, we suggest that vitamin D compounds to be employed in the treatment of, alone or in combination with other anticancer agents. solar UV-B radiation, acting through the production of vitamin D, is a risk reduction factor for over a dozen forms of cancer.

Bharat mein teen laghu akshaansh kendron ke oopar ozone ke oordhvaadhar vitaran kee ozone sonde aankadon ke dvaara pradarshit pravrtti

This study examines the trends in the vertical distribution of ozone over three low latitude stations in India. The stations are Delhi (28° N, 77° E), Pune (18° N, 74° E) and Thiruvananthapuram (8° N, 76° E) lying in the almost same longitude belt (74-77°) but separated by10o latitude. The balloon ozonesonde data of 45 years (1969 – 2012) have been analyzed. It has been found that ozone trends at different altitudes are different for three stations. The peak value and the altitude of peak value vary from year to year. This is due to solar UV-B variation.

EFFECT OF REJUVENATORS ON PENETRATION AND SOFTENING POIND OF AGED POLYMER-MODIFIED ROAD BITUMEN

The article describes the effiency of polymer-modified road bitumen regeneration with two types of rejuvenators. Two alternative rejuvenators have been selected aromatic oil Nygen 910 and soft road bitumen V12000. PMB 45/80-55 bitumen, which is used in the upper and lower layers of asphalt pavement, was investigated. During the life time of the asphalt pvement, due to the effects of solar UV radiation, temperature and oxygen, of all the layers of the structure asphalt top layer reaches the highest degree of aging. Short-term and long-term aging were performed to simulate the aging of the bitmen under laboratory conditions. To determine the optimal amount of rejuvenator experiments were performed with 8%, 10% ir 14% rejuvenator by bitumen mass. The effect of rejuvenators were evaluated by studying the main physical properties of bitumen: penetration and softening temperature. Ina n experimental study, aromatic oil was found to be more than 2.5 times more effective than soft bitumen.

Minimal Erythema Dose Determination in Holstein Friesian Cattle

Cattle on pasture are continuously exposed to solar UV radiation, which has been associated with biological effects such as sunburn, photosensitization, squamous cell carcinoma, and cutaneous vitamin D3 production. The minimal erythema dose (MED) required to produce first-degree sunburn (erythema) is poorly researched in cattle. Since cattle are naturally covered with dense hair coats, the MED is influenced by the UV protection offered by the hair. The objective of this study was to determine the MED on intact-hair-covered (MED-H) and shaved white skin (MED-S) of Holstein Friesian cattle. Twenty-one Holstein Friesian cows and heifers were MED tested using a narrowband UV-B LED light (peak irradiance at 292 nm) on eight hair-covered and eight shaved areas over white skin previously unexposed to direct sunlight. Erythema was visually assessed after 24 h. The mean MED-H and MED-S were 5,595 and 329 J/m2, respectively. Heifers had a higher MED-H compared to cows, 7,600 and 4,969 J/m2, respectively. The mean UV transmittance of white cattle hair was 6.7%. MED-H was correlated with hair length (Spearman's rho = 0.76). A linear regression model showed that each millimeter of hair coat length increased the MED-H by 316 J/m2. In conclusion, this study provides a MED testing protocol for cattle and reports standardized values of MED for cattle on intact-hair-covered and shaved areas.

Kinetic Studies of Antioxidant Properties of Ovothiol A

Ovothiol A (OSH) is one of the strongest natural antioxidants. So far, its presence was found in tissues of marine invertebrates, algae and fish. Due to very low pKa value of the SH group, under physiological conditions, this compound is almost entirely present in chemically active thiolate form and reacts with ROS and radicals significantly faster than other natural thiols. In biological systems, OSH acts in tandem with glutathione GSH, with OSH neutralizing oxidants and GSH maintaining ovothiol in the reduced state. In the present work, we report the rate constants of OSH oxidation by H2O2 and of reduction of oxidized ovothiol OSSO by GSH and we estimate the Arrhenius parameters for these rate constants. The absorption spectra of reaction intermediates, adduct OSSG and sulfenic acid OSOH, were obtained. We also found that OSH effectively quenches the triplet state of kynurenic acid with an almost diffusion-controlled rate constant. This finding indicates that OSH may serve as a good photoprotector to inhibit the deleterious effect of solar UV irradiation; this assumption explains the high concentrations of OSH in the fish lens. The unique antioxidant and photoprotecting properties of OSH open promising perspectives for its use in the treatment of human diseases.

Sunscreens’ UV Filters Risk for Coastal Marine Environment Biodiversity: A Review

Considering the rapid growth of tourism in recent years and the acknowledgement that exposure to solar UV radiation may cause skin cancer, sunscreens have been widely used by beachgoers in recent decades. UV filters contained in sunscreens, however, were recently identified as emerging pollutants in coastal waters since they accumulate in the marine environment with different adverse effects. In fact, exposure to these components was proven to be toxic to most invertebrate and vertebrate marine species. Some UV filters are linked to the production of significant amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, and the release of inorganic micronutrients that may alter the status of coastal habitats. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification have not yet been fully addressed. This review highlights recent progress in research and provides a comprehensive overview of the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of the most used UV filters both on the abiotic and biotic compartments in different types of coastal areas, to gain a better understanding of the impacts on coastal biodiversity.