scholarly journals Have we reproduced Rat Park? Conceptual but not direct replication of the protective effects of social and environmental enrichment in addiction

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Yon-Seng Khoo
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Opioid Consumption ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Drug Of Abuse ◽  
Subsequent Research ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Current Standards

The Rat Park studies are classic experiments in addiction neuroscience, yet they have not been successfully replicated directly and several serious methodological criticisms have been raised. However, the conceptual reproducibility of the Rat Park studies is supported by both contemporaneous and subsequent research. Contemporaneous research on social and environmental enrichment frequently found social isolation rendered rats less sensitive to the effects of drugs of abuse. The Rat Park studies therefore confirmed the importance of social and environmental enrichment and extended this literature to suggest that enrichment reduced opioid consumption. Subsequent studies have also demonstrated social and environmental enrichment reduces drug consumption. However, there are also several papers reporting no effects of enrichment (or ‘negative’ results) and caveats from studies that show genes, age, sex and drug of abuse are all important parameters. While the Rat Park studies did not use methods that are reliable by current standards, enrichment has been shown to reliably reduce opioid consumption and this effect can generalise to other drugs of abuse.

Interpretation and Utility of Drug of Abuse Immunoassays: Lessons From Laboratory Drug Testing Surveys

2010 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 735-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy E. F. Melanson ◽  
Leland Baskin ◽  
Barbarajean Magnani ◽  
Tai C. Kwong ◽  
Annabel Dizon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Drug Of Abuse ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Urine Drug ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Pain Services

Abstract Context.—To assist with patient diagnosis and management, physicians from pain services, drug treatment programs, and the emergency department frequently request that urine be tested for drugs of abuse. However, urine immunoassays for drugs of abuse have limitations. Objective.—To use data from the College of American Pathologists Proficiency Testing Surveys to determine and summarize the characteristics, performance, and limitations of urine immunoassays for drugs of abuse. Design.—Six years of urine drug testing proficiency surveys were reviewed. Results.—Lysergic acid diethylamide and methaqualone are infrequently prescribed or abused and, therefore, testing may be unnecessary. However, implementation of more specific testing for methylenedioxymethamphetamine and oxycodone may be warranted. Each drug of abuse immunoassay exhibits a different cross-reactivity profile. Depending on the cross-reactivity profile, patients with clinically insignificant concentrations of drugs may have false-positive results, and patients with clinically significant concentrations of drugs may have false-negative results. Conclusions.—Laboratory directors should be aware of the characteristics of their laboratories' assays and should communicate these characteristics to physicians so that qualitative results can be interpreted more accurately. Furthermore, manufacturer's claims should be interpreted with caution and should be verified in each organization's patient population, if possible.

scholarly journals Environmental Enrichment and Social Isolation Mediate Neuroplasticity of Medium Spiny Neurons through the GSK3 Pathway

Cell Reports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Scala ◽  
Miroslav N. Nenov ◽  
Elizabeth J. Crofton ◽  
Aditya K. Singh ◽  
Oluwarotimi Folorunso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Spiny Neurons

scholarly journals Antidepressant and Proneurogenic Influence of Environmental Enrichment in Mice: Protective Effects vs Recovery

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 2460-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Llorens-Martín ◽  
Gonzalo S Tejeda ◽  
José L Trejo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Protective Effects

scholarly journals The Novel Pan-PIM Kinase Inhibitor, PIM447, Displays Dual Antimyeloma and Bone-Protective Effects, and Potently Synergizes with Current Standards of Care

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Paíno ◽  
Antonio Garcia-Gomez ◽  
Lorena González-Méndez ◽  
Laura San-Segundo ◽  
Susana Hernández-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Current Standards

scholarly journals Clinical evaluation of the Triage analytic device for drugs-of-abuse testing

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1433-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
R de la Torre ◽  
A Domingo-Salvany ◽  
R Badia ◽  
G Gonzàlez ◽  
D McFarlane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay ◽  
Collection Site ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Analytical Device

Abstract In the present clinical evaluation of Triage immunoassay for detection of drugs of abuse, we examined a possible connection between the laboratory skills of the personnel using it and the quality of analytical results; we also evaluated the degree of concordance between the Triage results and those obtained by an instrumented fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA). Three groups of evaluators with different laboratory skills and two sets of urine samples from subjects with different rates of drug consumption prevalence were included in the study. Urines were analyzed by the Triage analytical device at the collection site. A second analysis was performed in a toxicology laboratory, and the results were compared with those obtained by FPIA. Nonconcordant results were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and HPLC. Results were independent of the laboratory skills of the evaluators. The agreement for each drug calculated for two populations with differences in prevalence of drug consumption was almost the same, except for benzodiazepines. No differences between Triage and FPIA results were observed for samples clearly over or under cutoff concentrations. Globally, the Triage device, in a clinical situation, demonstrated performance comparable with that of an instrument-based immunoassay and, in some cases (e.g., for benzodiazepines), the Triage performance was even better.

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