scholarly journals Antidepressant and Proneurogenic Influence of Environmental Enrichment in Mice: Protective Effects vs Recovery

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 2460-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Llorens-Martín ◽  
Gonzalo S Tejeda ◽  
José L Trejo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Protective Effects

scholarly journals Have we reproduced Rat Park? Conceptual but not direct replication of the protective effects of social and environmental enrichment in addiction

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Yon-Seng Khoo
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Opioid Consumption ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Drug Of Abuse ◽  
Subsequent Research ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Current Standards

The Rat Park studies are classic experiments in addiction neuroscience, yet they have not been successfully replicated directly and several serious methodological criticisms have been raised. However, the conceptual reproducibility of the Rat Park studies is supported by both contemporaneous and subsequent research. Contemporaneous research on social and environmental enrichment frequently found social isolation rendered rats less sensitive to the effects of drugs of abuse. The Rat Park studies therefore confirmed the importance of social and environmental enrichment and extended this literature to suggest that enrichment reduced opioid consumption. Subsequent studies have also demonstrated social and environmental enrichment reduces drug consumption. However, there are also several papers reporting no effects of enrichment (or ‘negative’ results) and caveats from studies that show genes, age, sex and drug of abuse are all important parameters. While the Rat Park studies did not use methods that are reliable by current standards, enrichment has been shown to reliably reduce opioid consumption and this effect can generalise to other drugs of abuse.

microRNA regulation related to the protective effects of environmental enrichment against cocaine-seeking behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 108585
Author(s):  
Annika Vannan ◽  
Gregory L. Powell ◽  
Michela Dell'Orco ◽  
Melissa A. Wilson ◽  
Nora I. Perrone-Bizzozero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Microrna Regulation ◽  
Cocaine Seeking ◽  
Seeking Behavior

An Enriched Environment Reduces Chronic Stress-Induced Visceral Pain Through Modulating Microglial Activity in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Yuan ◽  
Albert Orock ◽  
Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Visceral Hypersensitivity ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Dorsal Margin ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Synaptic Pruning

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) improves the quality of life for patients with brain-gut disorders, however, the underlying mechanisms of CBT remain to be explored. Previously we showed that environmental enrichment (EE), an experimental paradigm that mirrors positive behavioral intervention, ameliorates chronic stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity in a rodent model via mechanisms involving altered activity in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA). In the present study, we investigated whether microglia-mediated synaptic plasticity in the CeA is a potential mechanism underlying the protective effects of EE against stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. We sterotaxically implanted corticosterone (CORT) micropellets onto the dorsal margin of the CeA shown previously to induce colonic hypersensitivity. Animals were housed in EE cages or standard cages for 14 days following CORT implantation. Visceral sensitivity was assessed via visceromotor behavioral response to colorectal distension. Microglial morphology, microglia-mediated synaptic engulfment and the expression of synaptic pruning-related signals C1q, C3 and C3R were measured using immunofluorescence and RNAscope assay. We found that housing CORT implanted rats in EE cages for 14 days attenuated visceral hypersensitivity in both male and female rats as compared to control rats maintained in standard housing. EE reduced CORT-induced microglial remodeling and microglia-mediated synaptic pruning with reduced C1q and CR3, but not C3, expression. Our data suggest that exposure to EE is sufficient to ameliorate stress-induced visceral pain via reducing amygdala microglia-modulated neuronal plasticity.

Exposure to environmental enrichment prior to a cerebral cortex stab wound attenuates the postlesional astroglia response in rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 163-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ximena A. Lanosa ◽  
Ignacio Santacroce ◽  
Jorge A. Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Stab Wound ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Futures Studies ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Reactive Astrocytosis

Modulation of astroglial components involved in reactive postlesional responses in the rat cerebral cortex was analyzed following exposure to environmental enrichment (EE) condition prior to injury. For this purpose, changes in % immunoreactive (IR) area of GFAP, vimentin, EAAT1 and ezrin were evaluated in the perilesional zone after placing a cortical stab wound in the visual cerebral cortex of adult rats. GFAP-IR postlesional reactive astrocytosis in the perilesional cortex was significantly lower in the animal group exposed to EE during postnatal development. This GFAP-IR reaction seems to be associated with existing astroglia, because neither BrdU- nor endogenous Ki-67-labeled nuclei were found in the perilesional cortex analyzed. Increased ezrin-IR area in the visual cortex of rats exposed to EE condition suggests the formation of new synapses or the enhancement of astroglial involvement in the existing ones. No effects of EE were found on either EAAT1- or vimentin-IR area. Results suggest that exposure to EE conditions prior to injury attenuates the postlesional astroglia GFAP-response in the perilesional cortex of rats. Whether this attenuated postlesional astroglia GFAP-response promotes or not protective effects on the cortical neuropil remains to be explored in futures studies.

Melatonin reduces high levels of lipid peroxidation induced by potassium iodate in porcine thyroid

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Iwan ◽  
Jan Stepniak ◽  
Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free Radical Scavenger ◽  
Radical Scavenger ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Potassium Iodate ◽  
Hormone Synthesis

Abstract. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. Under normal iodine supply, calculated physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid is approx. 9 mM. Either potassium iodide (KI) or potassium iodate (KIO3) are used in iodine prophylaxis. KI is confirmed as absolutely safe. KIO3 possesses chemical properties suggesting its potential toxicity. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an effective antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Study aims: to evaluate potential protective effects of melatonin against oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) induced by KI or KIO3 in porcine thyroid. Homogenates of twenty four (24) thyroids were incubated in presence of either KI or KIO3 without/with melatonin (5 mM). As melatonin was not effective against KI-induced LPO, in the next step only KIO3 was used. Homogenates were incubated in presence of KIO3 (200; 100; 50; 25; 20; 15; 10; 7.5; 5.0; 2.5; 1.25 mM) without/with melatonin or 17ß-estradiol. Five experiments were performed with different concentrations of melatonin (5.0; 2.5; 1.25; 1.0; 0.625 mM) and one with 17ß-estradiol (1.0 mM). Malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) concentration (LPO index) was measured spectrophotometrically. KIO3 increased LPO with the strongest damaging effect (MDA + 4-HDA level: ≈1.28 nmol/mg protein, p < 0.05) revealed at concentrations of around 15 mM, thus corresponding to physiological iodine concentrations in the thyroid. Melatonin reduced LPO (MDA + 4-HDA levels: from ≈0.97 to ≈0,76 and from ≈0,64 to ≈0,49 nmol/mg protein, p < 0.05) induced by KIO3 at concentrations of 10 mM or 7.5 mM. Conclusion: Melatonin can reduce very strong oxidative damage to membrane lipids caused by KIO3 used in doses resulting in physiological iodine concentrations in the thyroid.

Environmental enrichment contributes to neurodevelopmental recovery after hypoxia

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy May Tran ◽  
Madeleine Broder ◽  
Suzannah Luft ◽  
Michael L. Schwartz ◽  
Karen Muller Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Enrichment
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