scholarly journals Biomarkers in development of psychotropic drugs

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-234 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Cranial Computed Tomography ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Onset Of Action

Biomarkers have been receiving increasing attention, especially in the field of psychiatry In contrast to the availability of potent therapeutic tools including pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and biological therapies, unmet needs remain in terms of onset of action, stability of response, and further improvement of the clinical course. Biomarkers are objectively measured characteristics which serve as indicators of the causes of illnesses, their clinical course, and modification by treatment. There exist a variety of markers: laboratory markers which comprise the determination of genetic and epigenetic markers, neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, neuropeptides, enzymes, and others as single measures; electrophysiological markers which usually comprise electroencephalography (EEG) measures, and in particular sleep EEG and evoked potentials, magnetic encephalography, electrocardiogram, facial electromyography, skin conductance, and others; brain imaging techniques such as cranial computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography; and behavioral approaches such as cue exposure and challenge tests which can be used to induce especially emotional processes in anxiety and depression. Examples for each of these domains are provided in this review. With a view to developing more individually tailored therapeutic strategies, the characterization of patients and the courses of different types of treatment will become even more important in the future.

scholarly journals MODERN METHODS OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF GLIOMAS

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
N. A. Kostenikov ◽  
A. V. Pozdnyakov ◽  
V. F. Dubrovskaya ◽  
O. Yu. Mirolyubova ◽  
Yu. R. Ilyushchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Diagnostic Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Positron Emission

The review presents an analysis of the literature on the diagnosis of gliomas and the study of their structural and biological features based on implementation of new techniques in clinical practice of diagnostic imaging. These techniques include perfusion technologies for multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) with various radiopharmaceuticals (RPHs), first and foremost, labeled amino acids, such as11C-L-methionine and18F-Fluoroethyltyrosine. There is presented that with the application of these two methods (MRI and PET), the most important biochemical processes underlying oncogenesis of malignant tumors might be studied by non-invasive way. The obtained data can be crucial for an early detection of tumor lesions, staging the pathological process, rationale for therapeutic tactics, personalization of treatment, evaluation of the efficiency of therapy at early stages and prognosis of the disease result.

The Role of Neuroimaging in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Depressive Disorder: A Recent Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 2515-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianbin Song ◽  
Xiaowei Han ◽  
Lei Du ◽  
Jing Che ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy

Depression is a mental disorder with serious negative health outcomes. Its main clinical manifestations are depressed mood, slow thinking, loss of interest, and lack of energy. The rising incidence of depression has a major impact on patients and their families and imposes a substantial burden on society. With the rapid development of imaging technology in recent years, researchers have studied depression from different perspectives, including molecular, functional, and structural imaging. Many studies have revealed changes in structure, function, and metabolism in various brain regions in patients with depressive disorder. In this review, we summarize relevant studies of depression, including investigations using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (task-state fMRI and resting-state fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), brain network and molecular imaging (positron emission tomography [PET] and single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]), which have contributed to our understanding of the etiology, neuropathology, and pathogenesis of depressive disorder.

scholarly journals Neurovascular changes in magnetic resonance imagining and single-photon emission computed tomography during migraine attack in patients with FHM2 mutations

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 251581632090864
Author(s):  
Azusa Nagai ◽  
Daiki Tanaka ◽  
Kiyomi Kuroshima ◽  
Shigehisa Ura ◽  
Kazuto Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Migraine Attack ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon Emission ◽  
Hemiplegic Migraine ◽  
Single Photon Emission Computed ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

The aim of this article is to provide neuroimaging data on cases with familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). A 14-year-old male presented normal diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) findings during his first hemiplegic migraine attack. However, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) showed diffuse narrowing of the right middle cerebral artery. Cerebral blood flow–single-photon emission computed tomography showed right hypoperfusion. A follow-up study showed no abnormal findings. His mother had normal DWI, FLAIR, and MRA findings during her migraine attack. Both patients were diagnosed with FHM2 (p.R763H mutation in ATP1A2). This study highlights the importance of neurovascular examinations during the FHM2 headache phase. Further cases are required to clarify the pathophysiology of migraine.

scholarly journals Cardiac metabolic imaging: current imaging modalities and future perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tineke van de Weijer ◽  
Elisabeth H. M. Paiman ◽  
Hildo J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Cardiac Metabolism ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Metabolic Imaging ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Substrate Uptake ◽  
Future Perspectives

In this review, current imaging techniques and their future perspectives in the field of cardiac metabolic imaging in humans are discussed. This includes a range of noninvasive imaging techniques, allowing a detailed investigation of cardiac metabolism in health and disease. The main imaging modalities discussed are magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques for determination of metabolite content (triglycerides, glucose, ATP, phosphocreatine, and so on), MRI for myocardial perfusion, and single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography for quantitation of perfusion and substrate uptake.

THE MATHEMATICS OF THE IMAGING TECHNIQUES OF MEG, CT, PET AND SPECT

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (06) ◽  
pp. 1671-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. FOKAS ◽  
V. MARINAKIS
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon Emission ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Single Photon Emission Computed ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

The imaging techniques of magnetoencephalography (MEG), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are reviewed, and the analytical solutions of the relevant inverse problems are presented. The numerical implementation of the exact formulas yield accurate reconstructions for both realistic phantoms as well as real data.

scholarly journals Highly colloidally stable trimodal 125I-radiolabeled PEG-neridronate-coated upconversion/magnetic bioimaging nanoprobes

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uliana Kostiv ◽  
Jan Kučka ◽  
Volodymyr Lobaz ◽  
Nikolay Kotov ◽  
Olga Janoušková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography

Abstract“All-in-one” multifunctional nanomaterials, which can be visualized simultaneously by several imaging techniques, are required for the efficient diagnosis and treatment of many serious diseases. This report addresses the design and synthesis of upconversion magnetic NaGdF4:Yb3+/Er3+(Tm3+) nanoparticles by an oleic acid-stabilized high-temperature coprecipitation of lanthanide precursors in octadec-1-ene. The nanoparticles, which emit visible or UV light under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, were modified by in-house synthesized PEG-neridronate to facilitate their dispersibility and colloidal stability in water and bioanalytically relevant phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was determined using HeLa cells and human fibroblasts (HF). Subsequently, the particles were modified by Bolton-Hunter-neridronate and radiolabeled by 125I to monitor their biodistribution in mice using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The upconversion and the paramagnetic properties of the NaGdF4:Yb3+/Er3+(Tm3+)@PEG nanoparticles were evaluated by photoluminescence, magnetic resonance (MR) relaxometry, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with 1 T and 4.7 T preclinical scanners. MRI data were obtained on phantoms with different particle concentrations and during pilot long-time in vivo observations of a mouse model. The biological and physicochemical properties of the NaGdF4:Yb3+/Er3+(Tm3+)@PEG nanoparticles make them promising as a trimodal optical/MRI/SPECT bioimaging and theranostic nanoprobe for experimental medicine.

scholarly journals Determining Surgical Candidacy in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Mansouri ◽  
Aria Fallah ◽  
Taufik A. Valiante
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Seizure Outcome

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of adult epilepsy that is amenable to surgical treatment. In the carefully selected patient, excellent seizure outcome can be achieved with minimal or no side effects from surgery. This may result in improved psychosocial functioning, achieving higher education, and maintaining or gaining employment. The objective of this paper is to discuss the surgical selection process of a patient with TLE. We define what constitutes a patient that has medically refractory TLE, describe the typical history and physical examination, and distinguish between mesial TLE and neocortical TLE. We then review the role of routine (ambulatory/sleep-deprived electroencephalography (EEG), video EEG, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neuropsychological testing, and Wada testing) and ancillary preoperative testing (positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), subtraction ictal SPECT correlated to MRI (SISCOM), magnetoencephalography, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and functional MRI) in selecting surgical candidates. We describe the surgical options for resective epilepsy surgery in TLE and its commonly associated risks while highlighting some of the controversies. Lastly, we present teaching cases to illustrate the presurgical workup of patients with medically refractory TLE.

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