scholarly journals Cardiac metabolic imaging: current imaging modalities and future perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tineke van de Weijer ◽  
Elisabeth H. M. Paiman ◽  
Hildo J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Cardiac Metabolism ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Metabolic Imaging ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Substrate Uptake ◽  
Future Perspectives

In this review, current imaging techniques and their future perspectives in the field of cardiac metabolic imaging in humans are discussed. This includes a range of noninvasive imaging techniques, allowing a detailed investigation of cardiac metabolism in health and disease. The main imaging modalities discussed are magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques for determination of metabolite content (triglycerides, glucose, ATP, phosphocreatine, and so on), MRI for myocardial perfusion, and single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography for quantitation of perfusion and substrate uptake.

scholarly journals Metabolic imaging in exercise physiology

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 497-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Rudroff ◽  
Nathaniel B. Ketelhut ◽  
John H. Kindred
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Exercise Physiology ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Metabolic Imaging ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy

This minireview focuses on selected, noninvasive imaging techniques that have been used in the study of exercise physiology. These imaging modalities can be roughly divided into two categories: tracer based and nontracer based. Tracer-based methods use radiolabeled substrates whose location and quantity can subsequently be imaged once they are incorporated into metabolic processes. Nontracer-based imaging modalities rely on specific properties of substrates to identify metabolites and determine their concentrations. Identification and quantification of metabolites is usually based on magnetic properties or on differences in light absorption. In this review, we will highlight two tracer-based imaging modalities, positron emission tomography and single-photon-emission computed tomography, as well as two nontracer-based methods, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy. Some of the recent findings that each technique has provided on cerebral and skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise, as well as the strengths and limitations of each technique, will be discussed.

scholarly journals Biomarkers in development of psychotropic drugs

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-234 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Cranial Computed Tomography ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Onset Of Action

Biomarkers have been receiving increasing attention, especially in the field of psychiatry In contrast to the availability of potent therapeutic tools including pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and biological therapies, unmet needs remain in terms of onset of action, stability of response, and further improvement of the clinical course. Biomarkers are objectively measured characteristics which serve as indicators of the causes of illnesses, their clinical course, and modification by treatment. There exist a variety of markers: laboratory markers which comprise the determination of genetic and epigenetic markers, neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, neuropeptides, enzymes, and others as single measures; electrophysiological markers which usually comprise electroencephalography (EEG) measures, and in particular sleep EEG and evoked potentials, magnetic encephalography, electrocardiogram, facial electromyography, skin conductance, and others; brain imaging techniques such as cranial computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography; and behavioral approaches such as cue exposure and challenge tests which can be used to induce especially emotional processes in anxiety and depression. Examples for each of these domains are provided in this review. With a view to developing more individually tailored therapeutic strategies, the characterization of patients and the courses of different types of treatment will become even more important in the future.

scholarly journals New Perspectives in Imaging of Uveal Melanoma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Solnik ◽  
Natalia Paduszynska ◽  
Anna M. Czarnecka ◽  
Kamil J. Synoradzki ◽  
Yacoub A. Yousef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Uveal Melanoma ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Fundus Autofluorescence ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Tumor Identification

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults characterized by insidious onset and poor prognosis strongly associated with tumor size and the presence of distant metastases, most commonly in the liver. Contrary to most tumor identification, biopsy followed by pathological exam is not recommended in ophthalmic oncology. Therefore, early and non-invasive diagnosis is essential to enhance patients’ chances for early treatment possibilities. We reviewed imaging modalities currently used in the diagnosis of uveal melanoma, i.e., fundus imaging, ultrasonography (US), optical coherence tomography (OCT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), fundus autofluorescence (FAF). The principle of imaging techniques was briefly explained, along with their role in the diagnostic process and a summary of their advantages and limitations. Further, the experimental data and the advancements in imaging modalities were searched. We described their innovations, showed current usage and research, and explained the possibilities of utilizing them to diagnose uveal melanoma and their potential application in personalized medicine such as theranostics.

scholarly journals Novel Imaging Techniques for Heart Failure

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep L Melero-Ferrer ◽  
Raquel López-Vilella ◽  
Herminio Morillas-Climent ◽  
Jorge Sanz-Sánchez ◽  
Ignacio J Sánchez-Lázaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Nuclear Imaging ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Positron Emission

Imaging techniques play a main role in heart failure (HF) diagnosis, assessment of aetiology and treatment guidance. Echocardiography is the method of choice for its availability, cost and it provides most of the information required for the management and follow up of HF patients. Other non-invasive cardiac imaging modalities, such as cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), nuclear imaging-positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT) could provide additional aetiological, prognostic and therapeutic information, especially in selected populations. This article reviews current indications and possible future applications of imaging modalities to improve the management of HF patients.

The Role of Neuroimaging in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Depressive Disorder: A Recent Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 2515-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianbin Song ◽  
Xiaowei Han ◽  
Lei Du ◽  
Jing Che ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy

Depression is a mental disorder with serious negative health outcomes. Its main clinical manifestations are depressed mood, slow thinking, loss of interest, and lack of energy. The rising incidence of depression has a major impact on patients and their families and imposes a substantial burden on society. With the rapid development of imaging technology in recent years, researchers have studied depression from different perspectives, including molecular, functional, and structural imaging. Many studies have revealed changes in structure, function, and metabolism in various brain regions in patients with depressive disorder. In this review, we summarize relevant studies of depression, including investigations using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (task-state fMRI and resting-state fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), brain network and molecular imaging (positron emission tomography [PET] and single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]), which have contributed to our understanding of the etiology, neuropathology, and pathogenesis of depressive disorder.

scholarly journals Standardization of the [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 Radiolabeling Protocol in an Automatic Synthesis Module: Assessments for PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Leonardo L. Fuscaldi ◽  
Danielle V. Sobral ◽  
Ana Claudia R. Durante ◽  
Fernanda F. Mendonça ◽  
Ana Cláudia C. Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Pet Imaging ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Lncap Cells ◽  
Automatic Synthesis

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a glycoprotein present in the prostate, that is overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa). Recently, PSMA-directed radiopharmaceuticals have been developed, allowing the pinpointing of tumors with the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging techniques. The aim of the present work was to standardize and validate an automatic synthesis module-based radiolabeling protocol for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11, as well as to produce a radiopharmaceutical for PET imaging of PCa malignancies. [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 was evaluated to determine the radiochemical purity (RCP), stability in saline solution and serum, lipophilicity, affinity to serum proteins, binding and internalization to lymph node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) cells, and ex vivo biodistribution in mice. The radiopharmaceutical was produced with an RCP of 99.06 ± 0.10%, which was assessed with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The product was stable in saline solution for up to 4 h (RCP > 98%) and in serum for up to 1 h (RCP > 95%). The lipophilicity was determined as −3.80 ± 0.15, while the serum protein binding (SPB) was <17%. The percentages of binding to LNCaP cells were 4.07 ± 0.51% (30 min) and 4.56 ± 0.46% (60 min), while 19.22 ± 2.73% (30 min) and 16.85 ± 1.34% (60 min) of bound material was internalized. High accumulation of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 was observed in the kidneys, spleen, and tumor, with a tumor-to-contralateral-muscle ratio of >8.5 and a tumor-to-blood ratio of >3.5. In conclusion, an automatic synthesis module-based radiolabeling protocol for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 was standardized and the product was evaluated, thus verifying its characteristics for PET imaging of PCa tumors in a clinical environment.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease. Part 1. The Potential of Functional Neuroimaging

Doctor Ru ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
M.R. Sapronova ◽  
◽  
D.V. Dmitrenko ◽  
N.A. Schnaider ◽  
A.A. Molgachev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Transcranial Sonography ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Objective of the Review: To describe available functional neuroimaging techniques for use in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Key Points: Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which affects 2-3% of people older than 65 years. The main neuropathological hallmarks of PD are an accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates in the cellular cytoplasm and a loss of neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, leading to dopamine deficiency. Clinical symptoms of the disease appear when the underlying neural impairment is already advanced, which significantly reduces treatment options. Over the two last decades, functional neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and transcranial sonography have increasingly been used for diagnosing PD during patients’ lifetime and understanding the neuropathological mechanisms and compensatory reactions underlying its symptoms, as well as for monitoring the progression of PD. Conclusion: Modern functional neuroimaging techniques not only facilitate differential diagnosis of PD, but also make it possible to detect the disease at its early/preclinical stage. Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, neuroimaging, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, transcranial sonography.

scholarly journals Radionuclide-Based Imaging of Breast Cancer: State of the Art

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5459
Author(s):  
Huiling Li ◽  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Lujie Yuan ◽  
Kevin Fan ◽  
Yongxue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Functional Perspective

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that can affect women worldwide and endanger their health and wellbeing. Early detection of breast cancer can significantly improve the prognosis and survival rate of patients, but with traditional anatomical imagine methods, it is difficult to detect lesions before morphological changes occur. Radionuclide-based molecular imaging based on positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) displays its advantages for detecting breast cancer from a functional perspective. Radionuclide labeling of small metabolic compounds can be used for imaging biological processes, while radionuclide labeling of ligands/antibodies can be used for imaging receptors. Noninvasive visualization of biological processes helps elucidate the metabolic state of breast cancer, while receptor-targeted radionuclide molecular imaging is sensitive and specific for visualization of the overexpressed molecular markers in breast cancer, contributing to early diagnosis and better management of cancer patients. The rapid development of radionuclide probes aids the diagnosis of breast cancer in various aspects. These probes target metabolism, amino acid transporters, cell proliferation, hypoxia, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and so on. This article provides an overview of the development of radionuclide molecular imaging techniques present in preclinical or clinical studies, which are used as tools for early breast cancer diagnosis.

Nuclear cardiology: state of the art

Heart ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. heartjnl-2019-315628
Author(s):  
Rebecca Schofield ◽  
Leon Menezes ◽  
Stephen Richard Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Myocardial Perfusion ◽  
Radionuclide Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Myocardial Inflammation ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Device Infection

Radionuclide imaging remains an essential component of modern cardiology. There is overlap with the information from other imaging techniques, but no technique is static and new developments have expanded its role. This review focuses on ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, infection and inflammation. Radiopharmaceutical development includes the wider availability of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers such as rubidium-82, which allows myocardial perfusion to be quantified in absolute terms. Compared with alternative techniques, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy PET and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have the advantages of being widely applicable using exercise or pharmacological stress, full coverage of the myocardium and a measure of ischaemic burden, which helps to triage patients between medical therapy and revascularisation. Disadvantages include the availability of expertise in some cardiac centres and the lack of simple SPECT quantification, meaning that global abnormalities can be underestimated. In patients with heart failure, despite the findings of the STICH (Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure) trial, there are still data to support the assessment of myocardial hibernation in predicting when abolition of ischaemia might lead to improvement in ventricular function. Imaging of sympathetic innervation is well validated, but simpler markers of prognosis mean that it has not been widely adopted. There are insufficient data to support its use in predicting the need for implanted devices, but non-randomised studies are promising. Other areas where radionuclide imaging is uniquely valuable are detection and monitoring of endocarditis, device infection, myocardial inflammation in sarcoidosis, myocarditis and so on, and reliable detection of deposition in suspected transthyretin-related amyloidosis.

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