Methodological Aspects of Handwriting Identification

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 125-147
Author(s):  
H.J.J. Hardy ◽  
W. Fagel
Keyword(s):  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Writing Process ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Science Laboratory ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Identification Process ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Document Examiners ◽  
Methodological Aspects

Signature authentication and identification of writing or printing is one of the most common issues presented to forensic document examiners. Handwriting is a complex motor skill expressed individually as a result of learned symbols that are stored in long term memory. This paper discusses the stages of memory retrieval that begins the writing process through the muscle joint systems that execute the movements that result in the graphic expression. The authors discuss in detail the identification process and comparison of handwriting characteristics used in the Forensic Science Laboratory, the Netherlands. The process includes discussion of general characteristics, microcharacteristics, spacing characteristics, and variation, as well as touch-ups and disguise. References are made to literature and research projects that support the principles and methodology. The paper concludes with a discussion about the levels of opinions expressed by forensic document examiners.

Depressive symptomatology and learning: Does intermediate testing or restudying the information determine long-term memory retrieval of novel symbols?

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S412-S412
Author(s):  
V. Giannouli
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Testing Effect ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Music Notation ◽  
Testing Time ◽  
Term Memory

IntroductionThere is a hypothesis in cognitive psychology that long-term memory retrieval is improved by intermediate testing than by restudying the information. The effect of testing has been investigated with the use of a variety of stimuli. However, almost all testing effect studies to date have used purely verbal materials such as word pairs, facts and prose passages.ObjectiveHere byzantine music symbol–word pairs were used as to-be-learned materials to demonstrate the generalisability of the testing effect to symbol learning in participants with and without depressive symptoms.MethodFifty healthy (24 women, M age = 26.20, SD = 5.64) and forty volunteers with high depressive symptomatology (20 women, M age = 27.00, SD = 1.04) were examined. The participants did not have a music education. The examination material was completely new for them: 16 byzantine music notation stimuli, paired with a verbal label (the ancient Greek name of the symbol). Half of the participants underwent intermediate testing and the others restudied the information in a balanced design.ResultsResults indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in final memory test performance after a retention interval of 5 minutes for both groups of participants with low and high level depressive symptomatology (P > 0.005). After a retention interval of a week, tested pairs were retained better than repeatedly studied pairs for high and low depressive symptomatology groups (P < 0.005).ConclusionsThis research suggests that the effect of testing time on later memory retrieval can also be obtained in byzantine symbol learning.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Hemispheric Asymmetries in Electroencephalogram Oscillations for Long-Term Memory Retrieval in Healthy Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 937
Author(s):  
Soyiba Jawed ◽  
Hafeez Ullah Amin ◽  
Aamir Saeed Malik ◽  
Ibrahima Faye
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Frontal Region ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Delta Band ◽  
The Right

The hemispherical encoding retrieval asymmetry (HERA) model, established in 1991, suggests that the involvement of the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the encoding process is less than that of the left PFC. The HERA model was previously validated for episodic memory in subjects with brain traumas or injuries. In this study, a revised HERA model is used to investigate long-term memory retrieval from newly learned video-based content for healthy individuals using electroencephalography. The model was tested for long-term memory retrieval in two retrieval sessions: (1) recent long-term memory (recorded 30 min after learning) and (2) remote long-term memory (recorded two months after learning). The results show that long-term memory retrieval in healthy individuals for the frontal region (theta and delta band) satisfies the revised HERA asymmetry model.

Unwanted Memory Intrusions Recruit Broad Motor Suppression

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
Anna Castiglione ◽  
Adam R. Aron
Keyword(s):  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Motor Evoked Potential ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Rapid Action

Quickly preventing the retrieval of (inappropriate) long-term memories might recruit a similar control mechanism as rapid action-stopping. A very specific characteristic of rapid action-stopping is “global motor suppression”: When a single response is rapidly stopped, there is a broad skeletomotor suppression. This is shown by the technique of TMS placed over a task-irrelevant part of the primary motor cortex (M1) to measure motor-evoked potentials. Here, we used this same TMS method to test if rapidly preventing long-term memory retrieval also shows this broad skeletomotor suppression effect. Twenty human participants underwent a Think/No-Think task. In the first phase, they learned word pairs. In the second phase, they received the left-hand word as a cue and had to either retrieve the associated right-hand word (“Think”) or stop retrieval (“No-Think”). At the end of each trial, they reported whether they had experienced an intrusion of the associated memory. Behaviorally, on No-Think trials, they reported fewer intrusions than Think trials, and the reporting of intrusions decreased with practice. Physiologically, we observed that the motor-evoked potential, measured from the hand (which was irrelevant to the task), was reduced on No-Think trials in the time frame of 300–500 msec, especially on trials where they did report an intrusion. This unexpected result contradicted our preregistered prediction that we would find such a decrease on No-Think trials where the intrusion was not reported. These data suggest that one form of executive control over (inappropriate) long-term memory retrieval is a rapid and broad stop, akin to action-stopping, that is triggered by the intrusion itself.

Glucocorticoid-induced impairment of long-term memory retrieval in female rats: Influences of estrous cycle and estrogen

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raziyeh Mohammadkhani ◽  
Niloufar Darbandi ◽  
Abbas Ali Vafaei ◽  
Ali Ahmadalipour ◽  
Ali Rashidy-Pour
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals Frontal lobe and long-term memory retrieval analysis during pre-learning stress using EEG signals

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Omar Mahmoud AlShorman ◽  
Ahmad M. Alshorman
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Learning Stage ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Learning Stress

This paper uses the EEG analysis to investigate the relationship between pre-learning stress, frontal lope and long-term memory in the brain. The stress on learning stage is a challenge, especially in academic life. Stress also on learning stage affects the retrieval or recall from the memory. Nowadays; there are many recent works have discovered the relationship between stress, learning and memory performance based on different techniques. Some of these techniques are biological methods. Moreover, these methods have discovered the effect of stress based on hormones levels such as cortisol, or based on physiological effects such as blood pressure. However, these techniques have given conflicting discoveries because of the instability of hormones and an extensive number of related elements. The main aim of this research is to discover the relationship between Pre-learning stress, frontal lope, and long-term memory retrieval using EEG signals. The experimental results indicate that there is a relationship between theta rhythm in the frontal lobe and long-term memory retrieval during Pre-learning stress.

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