scholarly journals Contamination of grain in West Siberia by Alternaria fungi and their mycotoxins

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
Alexandra Stanislavovna Orina* ◽  
Olga Pavlovna Gavrilova ◽  
Tatyana Yuryevna Gagkaeva ◽  
Nadezhda Nikolayevna Gogina
Keyword(s):  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
West Siberia ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Dna Amount ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins ◽  
Positive Significant Correlation

The ubiquitous occurrence of Alternaria fungi belonging to sections Alternaria and Infectoriae was confirmed using real-time PCR in wheat, barley and oat grain grown in West Siberia in 2018‒2019. The DNA amount of Alternaria section Alternaria fungi varied from 53×10-4 to 21731×10-4 pg/ng and on average exceeded the DNA amount of Alternaria section Infectoriae fungi by 4.5‒14.6 times, depending on the crop and harvest year.The average DNA amount of Alternaria fungi belonging to both sections in the oat grain was lower than in wheat and barley grain. The grain samples from Altay region were the most infected with Alternaria fungi. The alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) mycotoxins produced by Alternaria fungi were detected by HPLC-MS/MS in 23 %, 6 %, 85 %, and 83 % of analyzed grain samples, respectively. The majority (61 %) of the samples contained two Alternaria mycotoxins in the grain (mainly TEN and TeA), 19 % of the samples three mycotoxins, and only one sample all four together. In the most of samples the content of Alternaria mycotoxins did not exceed 100 μg/kg, and only TeA content was higher (from 113 to 14963 μg/kg) than others. The significant differences in grain crops by the Alternaria mycotoxins content were revealed: more amounts of AOH, AME, and less amount of TEN were found in oat grain then in barley grain. A high positive significant correlation between the DNA amount of Alternaria section Alternaria fungi and TeA was established that indicates the role of these fungi as the main producers of TeA in the grain.

Alternaria mycotoxins: an overview of chemical characterization, producers, toxicity, analysis and occurrence in foodstuffs

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
Topoisomerase I ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins

Microfungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous pathogens and saprophytes. Many species of the genus Alternaria commonly cause spoilage of various food crops in the field or post-harvest decay. Due to their growth even at low temperatures, they are also responsible for spoilage of these commodities during refrigerated transport and storage. Several Alternaria species are known producers of toxic secondary metabolites - Alternaria mycotoxins. A. alternata produces a number of mycotoxins, including alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, altertoxins I, II, III, tenuazonic acid and other less toxic metabolites. Tenuazonic acid is toxic to several animal species, e.g. mice, chicken, dogs. Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and altertoxin I are not very acutely toxic. There are several reports on the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of alternariol, and alternariol monomethyl ether. Alternariol has been identified as a topoisomerase I and II poison which might contribute to the impairment of DNA integrity in human colon carcinoma cells. Analytical methods to determine Alternaria toxins are largely based on procedures, involving cleanup by solvent partitioning or solid phase extraction, followed by chromatographic separation techniques, in combination with ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemical and mass spectroscopic detection. A large number of Alternaria metabolites has been reported to occur naturally in food commodities (e.g. fruit, vegetables, cereals and oil plants). Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were frequently detected in apples, apple products, mandarins, olives, pepper, red pepper, tomatoes, tomato products, oilseed rape meal, sunflower seeds, sorghum, wheat and edible oils. Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether were detected in citrus fruit, Japanese pears, prune nectar, raspberries, red currant, carrots, barley and oats. Alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were detected in melon. Natural occurrence of alternariol has been reported in apple juice, cranberry juice, grape juice, prune nectar, raspberry juice, red wine and lentils.

Alternaria Toxins in Wheat during the 2004 to 2005 Argentinean Harvest

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1262-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. AZCARATE ◽  
A. PATRIARCA ◽  
L. TERMINIELLO ◽  
V. FERNÁNDEZ PINTO
Keyword(s):  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins ◽  
Alternaria Species ◽  
Main Component

The natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in Argentinean wheat from the zone 5 South during the 2004 to 2005 harvest was investigated in 64 wheat samples. All samples were highly contaminated with a wide range of fungal species. Alternaria was found as the main component of the mycota, with an infection percentage of 100%. Three mycotoxins produced by species of Alternaria were determined in wheat: alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid. Alternariol was detected in 4 (6%) of 64 samples, with a range of 645 to 1,388 μg/kg (mean of 1,054 μg/kg); alternariol monomethyl ether, with a range of 566 to 7,451 μg/kg (mean of 2,118 μg/kg) in 15 (23%) of 64 samples; and tenuazonic acid in 12 (19%) of 64 samples, with a range of 1,001 to 8,814 μg/kg (mean, 2,313 μg/kg). Alternariol monomethyl ether was the predominant toxin, but tenuazonic acid was detected in higher concentrations. Alternariol was present in fewer samples and in lower levels than were the other toxins. Tenuazonic acid and alternariol monomethyl ether occurred together in four samples, while tenuazonic acid and alternariol co-occurred in one sample. This the first report of the natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in Argentinean wheat. Toxin levels were high, probably due to the heavy infection with Alternaria species found in the samples.

Alternaria Mycotoxins in Sunflower Seeds: Incidence and Distribution of the Toxins in Oil and Meal

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1133-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOFÍA N. CHULZE ◽  
ADRIANA M. TORRES ◽  
ANA M. DALCERO ◽  
MIRIAM G. ETCHEVERRY ◽  
MARÍA L. RAMÍREZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Alternaria Toxins ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins

A survey of 150 sunflower-seed samples was carried out to evaluate the contamination from infection with Alternaria alternata with alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TA). A high percentage of the samples was contaminated with AOH (85%), AME, (47%), and TA (65%). The average levels detected were 187 μg/kg for AOH, 194 μg/kg for AME, and 6,692, μg/kg for TA. When sunflower seeds fermented by Alternaria alternata were processed under laboratory conditions to obtain the oil and meal, different distributions of Alternaria toxins between the oil and the meal were observed: whereas AOH, AME, and TA were detected in the meal, only AME and TA were detected in the oil, and the latter in a low percentage.

scholarly journals Analysis of 13 Alternaria mycotoxins including modified forms in beer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Scheibenzuber ◽  
Fabian Dick ◽  
Stefan Asam ◽  
Michael Rychlik
Keyword(s):  
Reliable Method ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Stable Isotope Dilution ◽  
Beer Consumption ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins ◽  
Stable Isotope Dilution Assays ◽  
Threshold Of Toxicological Concern ◽  
Modified Forms

AbstractA multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method was developed to quantify 13 free and modified Alternaria toxins in different beer types by applying a combination of stable-isotope dilution assays (SIDAs) and matrix-matched calibration. With limits of detection (LODs) between 0.03 µg/L (alternariol monomethyl ether, AME) and 5.48 µg/L (altenuene, ALT), limits of quantitation (LOQs) between 0.09 µg/L (AME) and 16.24 µg/L (ALT), and recoveries between 72 and 113%, we obtained a sensitive and reliable method, which also covers the emerging toxins alternariol-3-glucoside (AOH-3-G), alternariol-9-glucoside (AOH-9-G), alternariol monomethyl ether-3-glucoside (AME-3-G) and alternariol-3-sulfate (AOH-3-S) and alternariol monomethylether-3-sulfate (AME-3-S). Furthermore, 50 different beer samples were analyzed, showing no contamination with Alternaria toxins apart from tenuazonic acid (TeA) in concentrations between 0.69 µg/L and 16.5 µg/L. According to this study, the exposure towards TeA through beer consumption can be considered as relatively low, as the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) value of 1500 ng/kg body weight per day might not be reached when consuming reasonable amounts of beer.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Alternaria and Other Toxins in Cereal Grains Intended for Animal Feeding Collected in Slovenia: A Three-Year Study

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 304
Author(s):  
Janja Babič ◽  
Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher ◽  
Franci Aco Celar ◽  
Katarina Kos ◽  
Tanja Knific ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Fusarium Toxins ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternaria Toxins ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins ◽  
Animal Feeding

In recent years, the less-studied Alternaria mycotoxins have attracted increasing interest due to the lack of survey data and their ability to cause toxic effects in animals and humans. To fill the gap, the aim of this three-year survey was to investigate the presence and co-occurrence of Alternaria and other mycotoxins in a total of 433 cereal grain samples from Slovenian farms and agricultural cooperatives from 2014 to 2016. Using the multi-mycotoxin method, 14 mycotoxins were determined. In 53% of 433 analysed samples, contamination with at least one mycotoxin was found. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) were present in 32% and 26% of cereal grain samples, respectively, whereas alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TEN), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3- and 15-AcDON), and zearalenone (ZEN) were present in fewer than 15% of the samples. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was found in one rye sample, while diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 and T-2 toxin, and fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2) were not detected. The highest maximum and median concentrations of Alternaria toxins were determined in spelt in 2016 (TeA, 2277 µg/kg and 203 µg/kg, respectively), and those of Fusarium toxins in wheat in 2015 (DON, 4082 µg/kg and 387 µg/kg, respectively). The co-occurrence of two or more mycotoxins was found in 43% of the positive samples. The correlations between Alternaria toxins were very weak but statistically significant (r: 0.15–0.17, p: 0.0042–0.0165). A well-known correlation between Fusarium toxins DON and ZEN was weak and highly significant (r = 0.28, p < 0.0001).

scholarly journals Assessment of the Optimum Linker Tethering Site of Alternariol Haptens for Antibody Generation and Immunoassay Development

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 883
Author(s):  
Luis G. Addante-Moya ◽  
Antonio Abad-Somovilla ◽  
Antonio Abad-Fuentes ◽  
Consuelo Agulló ◽  
Josep V. Mercader
Keyword(s):  
Total Synthesis ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins ◽  
Mycotoxin Analysis ◽  
First Time

Immunochemical methods for mycotoxin analysis require antigens with well-defined structures and antibodies with outstanding binding properties. Immunoreagents for the mycotoxins alternariol and/or alternariol monomethyl ether have typically been obtained with chemically uncharacterized haptens, and antigen conjugates have most likely been prepared with mixtures of functionalized molecules. For the first time, total synthesis was performed, in the present study, to obtain two haptens with opposite linker attachment locations. The functionalized synthetic haptens were purified and deeply characterized by different spectrometric methods, allowing the preparation of bioconjugates with unequivocal structures. Direct and indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, using homologous and heterologous conjugates, were employed to extensively evaluate the generated immunoreagents. Antibodies with high affinity were raised from conjugates of both haptens, and a structure-activity relationship between the synthetic haptens and the specificity of the generated antibodies could be established. These results pave the way for the development of novel highly sensitive immunoassays selective of one or two of these Alternaria mycotoxins.

Incidence of Mycotoxigenic Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus flavus in Barley

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. SANCHIS ◽  
A. SANCLEMENTE ◽  
J. USALL ◽  
I. VIÑAS
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Penicillium Spp

The predominant fungal species present in 60 samples of barley collected in Spain were Alternaria alternata, Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus flavus. Of the 176 Alternaria isolates examined, 88.6% produced tenuazonic acid, 15.3% produced alternariol, and 9% produced alternariol monomethyl ether. Only 6% of the 190 isolates of A. flavus produced aflatoxin.

scholarly journals Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Production by Alternaria Species Occurring on Durum Wheat, Showing Black Point Symptoms

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Masiello ◽  
Stefania Somma ◽  
Antonia Susca ◽  
Veronica Ghionna ◽  
Antonio Francesco Logrieco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Black Point ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins ◽  
Alternaria Species ◽  
Wheat Kernels ◽  
Section Level

Black point is a fungal disease of wheat, mainly associated with mycotoxigenic Alternaria species. Affected wheat kernels are characterized by dark brown discolouration of the embryo region and reduction of grain quality. Potential risk is the possible accumulation of Alternaria mycotoxins, alternariol (AOH), alternariol-monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TA), and altenuene (ALT), provided by haemato-toxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. One hundred and twenty durum wheat samples belonging to 30 different genotypes grown in Bologna and Modena areas, in Italy, showing black point symptoms, were analyzed for Alternaria species and their mycotoxin contamination. Alternariol was selected as an indicator of the capability of the Alternaria species to produce mycotoxin in vivo in field conditions. The data showed that Alternaria species occurred in 118 out of 120 wheat kernels samples, with the incidence of infected kernels ranging between 1% and 26%. Moreover, AOH was detected by using a HPLC with a diode array detector (LC-DAD) in 98 out of 120 samples with values ranging between 24 and 262 µg Kg−1. Ninety-two Alternaria representative strains, previously identified morphologically, were identified at species/section level using gene sequencing, and therefore were analyzed for their mycotoxin profiles. Eighty-four strains, phylogenetically grouped in the Alternaria section, produced AOH, AME, and TA with values up to 8064, 14,341, and 3683 µg g−1, respectively, analyzed by using a LC-DAD. On the other hand, eight Alternaria strains, included in Infectoriae Section, showed a very low or no capability to produce mycotoxins.

Alternaria toxins in weather-damaged wheat and sorghum in the 1995-1996 Australian harvest

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Webley ◽  
K. L. Jackson ◽  
J. D. Mullins ◽  
A. D. Hocking ◽  
J. I. Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
New South ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Low Levels

Weather-damaged wheat from northern New South Wales in 1995-96 was heavily infected with the fungus Alternaria alternata. The mycotoxins tenuazonic acid, alternariol, and alternariol monomethyl ether were detected at low levels which corresponded with the degree of A. alternata infection and the geographical location. Sorghum and undamaged wheat from the same region also showed moderate levels of A. alternata infection and low levels of tenuazonic acid but none of the other toxins. These mycotoxins were not found in weather-damaged wheat from other areas of Australia where the primary infection was by A. infectoria rather than A. alternata.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document