Deductive and abductive argumentation based on information graphs

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Remi Wieten ◽  
Floris Bex ◽  
Henry Prakken ◽  
Silja Renooij
Keyword(s):  
Abductive Reasoning ◽  
Abductive Inference ◽  
Current Version ◽  
Argumentation Framework ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
Abstract Argumentation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rationality Postulates ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Information Graph

In this paper, we propose an argumentation formalism that allows for both deductive and abductive argumentation, where ‘deduction’ is used as an umbrella term for both defeasible and strict ‘forward’ inference. Our formalism is based on an extended version of our previously proposed information graph (IG) formalism, which provides a precise account of the interplay between deductive and abductive inference and causal and evidential information. In the current version, we consider additional types of information such as abstractions which allow domain experts to be more expressive in stating their knowledge, where we identify and impose constraints on the types of inferences that may be performed with the different types of information. A new notion of attack is defined that captures a crucial aspect of abductive reasoning, namely that of competition between abductively inferred alternative explanations. Our argumentation formalism generates an abstract argumentation framework and thus allows arguments to be formally evaluated. We prove that instantiations of our argumentation formalism satisfy key rationality postulates.

Elaborating Analogies of Time Perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-268
Author(s):  
Rosemary Mountain
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Electroacoustic Music ◽  
Musical Work ◽  
Current Version ◽  
Multiple Sampling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Auditory Systems ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Sensory Overload

Using a mixture of physiological evidence and analogies of time, the author describes the current version of a model of how we might view our interactions with time in music and beyond. An older model designed for analysis of complex twentieth-century acoustic works is updated to incorporate varied profiles of electroacoustic music. Recent research in auditory systems corroborates that we receive different types of information simultaneously through different channels, each taking more or less periodic sampling from different bands of frequencies – from timbre to phrase length and beyond. In order to acknowledge both the primitive structures of our complex hearing mechanisms and the different profiles of listeners, it is suggested that this multiple-sampling strategy may operate in a parallel way at a much larger scale, thereby allowing us to integrate the listener’s preference for pacing, contrast and densities of activity into the sensory processing of a musical work. The article is enriched by insights from soundscape pioneer Hildegard Westerkamp relating to various aspects of the discussion, from sensory overload to ecological concerns to the natural rallentando of a soundwalk. Finally, a whimsical elaboration based on the analogy of time as a river is presented in order to incorporate a more organic set of characteristics into our appreciation of music and time.

ExtruOnt: An ontology for describing a type of manufacturing machine for Industry 4.0 systems

Semantic Web ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 887-909
Author(s):  
Víctor Julio Ramírez-Durán ◽  
Idoia Berges ◽  
Arantza Illarramendi
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Ontology Development ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Close Collaboration ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Manufacturing Machine

Semantically rich descriptions of manufacturing machines, offered in a machine-interpretable code, can provide interesting benefits in Industry 4.0 scenarios. However, the lack of that type of descriptions is evident. In this paper we present the development effort made to build an ontology, called ExtruOnt, for describing a type of manufacturing machine, more precisely, a type that performs an extrusion process (extruder). Although the scope of the ontology is restricted to a concrete domain, it could be used as a model for the development of other ontologies for describing manufacturing machines in Industry 4.0 scenarios. The terms of the ExtruOnt ontology provide different types of information related with an extruder, which are reflected in distinct modules that constitute the ontology. Thus, it contains classes and properties for expressing descriptions about components of an extruder, spatial connections, features, and 3D representations of those components, and finally the sensors used to capture indicators about the performance of this type of machine. The ontology development process has been carried out in close collaboration with domain experts.

Effect of sleep on memory for binding different types of visual information

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J Shaw ◽  
Zhisen Urgolites ◽  
Padraic Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

Visual long-term memory has a large and detailed storage capacity for individual scenes, objects, and actions. However, memory for combinations of actions and scenes is poorer, suggesting difficulty in binding this information together. Sleep can enhance declarative memory of information, but whether sleep can also boost memory for binding information and whether the effect is general across different types of information is not yet known. Experiments 1 to 3 tested effects of sleep on binding actions and scenes, and Experiments 4 and 5 tested binding of objects and scenes. Participants viewed composites and were tested 12-hours later after a delay consisting of sleep (9pm-9am) or wake (9am-9pm), on an alternative forced choice recognition task. For action-scene composites, memory was relatively poor with no significant effect of sleep. For object-scene composites sleep did improve memory. Sleep can promote binding in memory, depending on the type of information to be combined.

scholarly journals How the Multiplicity of Suggested Information Affects the Behavior of a User in a Recommender System

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 741
Author(s):  
Yuseok Ban ◽  
Kyungjae Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Recommender System ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Digital Platform ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

Many researchers have suggested improving the retention of a user in the digital platform using a recommender system. Recent studies show that there are many potential ways to assist users to find interesting items, other than high-precision rating predictions. In this paper, we study how the diverse types of information suggested to a user can influence their behavior. The types have been divided into visual information, evaluative information, categorial information, and narrational information. Based on our experimental results, we analyze how different types of supplementary information affect the performance of a recommender in terms of encouraging users to click more items or spend more time in the digital platform.

scholarly journals Virtual Loom: a tool for the interactive 3D representation of historical fabrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Portalés ◽  
Manolo Pérez ◽  
Pablo Casanova-Salas ◽  
Jesús Gimeno
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
3D Modelling ◽  
Current Version ◽  
Close Collaboration ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Interactive 3D ◽  
Silk Fabrics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
3D Representations

Abstract3D modelling of man-made objects is widely used in the cultural heritage sector, among others. It is relevant for its documentation, dissemination and preservation. Related to historical fabrics, weaves and weaving techniques are still mostly represented in forms of 2D graphics and textual descriptions. However, complex geometries are difficult to represent in such forms, hindering the way this legacy is transmitted to new generations. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of SILKNOW’s Virtual Loom, an interactive tool aimed to document, preserve and represent in interactive 3D forms historical weaves and weaving techniques of silk fabrics, dating from the 15th to the 19th centuries. To that end, our tool only requires an image of a historical fabric. Departing from this image, the tool automatically subtracts the design, and allows the user to apply different weaves and weaving techniques. In its current version, the tool embeds five traditional weaving techniques, 39 weaves and six types of yarns, which have been defined thanks to close collaboration of experts in computer graphics, art history and historical fabrics. Additionally, users can change the color of yarns and produce different 3D representations for a given fabric, which are interactive in real time. In this paper, we bring the details of the design and implementation of this tool, focusing on the input data, the strategy to process images, the 3D modelling of yarns, the definition of weaves and weaving techniques and the graphical user interface. In the results section, we show some examples of image analysis in order to subtract the design of historical fabrics, and then we provide 3D representations for all the considered weaving techniques, combining different types of yarns.

scholarly journals The Effects of Task Complexity on the Use of Different Types of Information in a Search Assistance Tool

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogeum Choi ◽  
Austin Ward ◽  
Yuan Li ◽  
Jaime Arguello ◽  
Robert Capra
Keyword(s):  
Task Complexity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Assistance Tool

scholarly journals Examining the Effects of Message Framing and Social Norms on Judgments of Earthquake Legislation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lauren Vinnell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Message Framing ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

<p>To increase earthquake preparation, it is beneficial to understand the effects of different types of information used in risk communications. This thesis adapts methods that have been used with other hazards or in hypothetical situations and applies them to increasing support for current earthquake-strengthening legislation in Wellington, New Zealand (NZ). Study 1 examined valence and numerical format framing. Expressing the number of buildings affected by the legislation as a negatively-valenced frequency was found to be most effective at increasing earthquake-related judgments¹. Study 2 examined descriptive and injunctive norms and found that a range of subject factors such as age and previous knowledge of the legislation influenced the effects of norms. Study 3 used the same manipulation and included a sample from Palmerston North, where earthquake risk perceptions are lower. This study showed several clear norm effects, with the combination of both descriptive and injunctive norms the most effective at increasing support for the earthquake legislation. All three studies showed that belief in the effectiveness of strengthening earthquake-prone buildings predicted support for the legislation and lower earthquake-risk tolerance, suggesting that this could be a key perception to target in communications. Overall, these studies suggest that certain messages are more effective at increasing support for the governmental legislation, but also that framing and social norm effects on real-world issues interact with other variables such as age and knowledge which ought to be examined further to increase the usefulness of psychological research to risk communication.  ¹ The results of this study have been accepted for publication as a peer-reviewed journal article: Vinnell, L. J., McClure, J., & Milfont, T. L. (in press). Do framing messages increase support for earthquake legislation? Disaster Prevention and Management, 26(1).</p>

Information Traffic and Information Effectiveness

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bixia Xu ◽  
Zhulin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Information Search ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Input Process ◽  
Investor Attention ◽  
Economic Downturns ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Process Output ◽  
Concept Of Information ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Search engines are among the most important information technology (IT) applications and platforms on which to conduct information search. This study contributes by investigating whether and how the search engine-enabled information search is related to accounting information effectiveness. We develop the concept of information traffic to conceptualize investor IT-enabled information search activities and to explore whether the searches captured by this concept provide any insights for understanding and enhancing accounting information effectiveness. Building upon the input-process-output model (Maines and McDaniel 2000) and with a sample of 59 accounting information items, we report that information items with higher information traffic have greater ability to explain and predict firm market value (i.e., higher information effectiveness). The impact of information traffic on information effectiveness is higher for economic upturns than for economic downturns and differs among different types of information. We propose a conceptual measure that integrates both information traffic and information effectiveness to capture information relative importance and to suggest empirically an order in importance of the ten types of information we investigate. Our dynamic analysis of information traffic reveals a significant increase of investor IT-enabled information search in the post-financial-crisis period. It also shows higher search increases for accounting items that received previously scant investor attention.

On the development of the two visual systems

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
John van der Kamp ◽  
Geert J. P. Savelsbergh
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Sequence ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Two Visual Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

Norman's reconciliation of the two theories of perception is challenged because it directly leads to the nature-nurture dichotomy in the development of the two visual systems. In contrast, the proposition of a separate development of the two visual systems may be better understood as involving different types of information that follow a distinct temporal sequence.

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