Relationship between body size variables and performance in repeated sprints test in young soccer players

Nutrition is an undeniable part of promoting health and performance among football (soccer) players. Nevertheless, nutritional strategies adopted in elite football can vary significantly depending on culture, habit and practical constraints and might not always be supported by scientific evidence. Therefore, a group of 28 Portuguese experts on sports nutrition, sports science and sports medicine sought to discuss current practices in the elite football landscape and review the existing evidence on nutritional strategies to be applied when supporting football players. Starting from understanding football’s physical and physiological demands, five different moments were identified: preparing to play, match-day, recovery after matches, between matches and during injury or rehabilitation periods. When applicable, specificities of nutritional support to young athletes and female players were also addressed. The result is a set of practical recommendations that gathered consensus among involved experts, highlighting carbohydrates periodisation, hydration and conscious use of dietary supplements.

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Genética y fútbol: asociación de los polimorfismos genéticos ACTN3 y ACE-I/D en jugadores de fútbol: Revisión literaria (Genetic and soccer: association of ACTN3 and ACE-I/D genetic polymorphisms in soccer players: Literary review)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v0i39.79347 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Wilson Arroyo Moya

Keyword(s):

Genetic Polymorphisms ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Muscle Injuries ◽

Physiological Level ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Genotypic Combination ◽

Genetic Components ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Hereditary Factors ◽

And Performance

Se ha comprobado y establecido que alrededor del 66% de los componentes del rendimiento y estado del atleta se explican por los factores hereditarios. Dos de los polimorfismos genéticos mas estudiados con relación al rendimiento deportivo en la ultima década, son el ACTN3 R577X y el ACE I/D. El objetivo de este estudio fue resumir las posibles asociaciones de ambos polimorfismos y el rendimiento en jugadores de fútbol, determinando la combinación alélica y genotípica que más destaca en esta población y, además, observar las relaciones de estos a nivel físico y fisiológico. Para la realización de este estudio se llevaron a cabo dos fases, una primera de revisión bibliográfica y una segunda fase de clasificación y análisis de la información. Los estudios evidencian una mayor influencia de los alelos ACE-D y ACTN-R, y de los genotipos ACE-ID y ACTN-RR. Se observó que los sujetos con estas combinaciones tenían mejores rendimientos es pruebas de velocidad y fuerza. Por otro lado, el polimorfismo ACTN3 está directamente relacionado con las lesiones musculares. En conclusión, se pudo observar una relación entre los polimorfismos genéticos y el rendimiento en jugadores de fútbol. Los componentes genéticos se pueden integrar como un nuevo componente dentro de la caracterización del deporte y como una herramienta dentro de un modelo de identificacción y detección de talentos en el fútbol juvenil. Además, los biomarcadores genéticos podrían ser responsables en un futuro, del estudio del riesgo de lesiones para que se optimice mucho más el rendimiento en el fútbol profesional. Abstract. It has been verified and established that around 66% of the components of the athlete's performance and state are explained by hereditary factors. Two of the most studied genetic polymorphisms in relation to sports performance in the last decade are ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D. The aim of this study was to summarize the possible associations of both polymorphisms and the performance in soccer players, determining the allelic and genotypic combination that stands out the most in this population and, also, to observe their relationships at the physical and physiological level. In order to complete this study, two phases were carried out, the first one of literature review and, the second one which covered the information classification and analysis. The studies show a greater influence of the ACE-D and ACTN-R alleles, and higher presence of the ACE-ID and ACTN-RR genotypes. Subjects with these combinations were found to perform better on speed and strength tests. On the other hand, the ACTN3 polymorphism is directly related to muscle injuries. In conclusion, a relationship between genetic polymorphisms and performance in soccer players could be observed. Genetic components can be integrated as a new component within the characterization of sport and as a tool within a model of identification and detection of talents in youth soccer. In addition, genetic biomarkers could be responsible, in the future, for the study of the risk of injury so that performance in professional soccer is much more optimized.

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Foraging behaviour and performance of steers from two local breeds (Asturian Valley and Asturian Mountain) grazing in Cantabrian (N Spain) summer pastures

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/2019171-13541 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. e0601

Author(s):

Alicia Román-Trufero ◽

Antonio Martínez ◽

Luis M. M. Ferreira ◽

Valentín García-Prieto ◽

Rocío Rosa-García ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Size ◽

Diet Composition ◽

Foraging Behaviour ◽

Meat Production ◽

Market Demand ◽

Nutrient Requirements ◽

Northern Spain ◽

Sward Height ◽

And Performance

Steer meat production in northern Spain is deficient to attend market demand. This research aimed to compare the foraging behaviour and production of yearling steers from two local breeds differing in body weight (BW), Asturian Valley (AV, 372 kg) and Asturian Mountain (AM, 307 kg), grazing in summer pastures consisting of 70% grassland and 30% heathland. Bodyweight gains from a total of 42 steers were recorded during four grazing seasons (from June to October). In two years, in July and September, plant community selection and diet composition were estimated by direct observation and using faecal markers, respectively. Grazing time increased from July to September (488 vs. 557 min/day; p<0.001) as sward height in the grassland decreased. Although AV steers grazed proportionally for longer on herbaceous pastures than AM steers (81.3 vs. 73.3%; p<0.05), no differences between breeds were found in diet composition. AM steers showed greater mean daily BW gains than AV steers (252 vs. 133 g/day; p<0.01). From June to August, steers from both breeds gained BW (487 vs. 360 g/day for AM and AV, respectively; p<0.01), but thereafter BW gains decreased (120 vs. –12 g/day for AM and AV, respectively; p<0.05), because of reduced availability of grassland herbage. Yearling steers from AM breed seem to be better suited to mountain conditions than those from AV breed, probably because of their smaller body size and lower total nutrient requirements for maintenance.

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CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE DURING OFF-SEASON TRAINING IN FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1097/00005768-199805001-01503 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement) ◽

pp. 264 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. E. Larson ◽

G. R. Hunter ◽

C. A. Trowbridge ◽

J. C. Turk ◽

P. A. Harbin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Creatine Supplementation ◽

Soccer Players ◽

And Performance

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Development of a Soccer Simulation Protocol to Include Repeated Sprints and Agility

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.6.3.427 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 427-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Keeron J. Stone ◽

Jonathan L. Oliver ◽

Michael G. Hughes ◽

Michael R. Stembridge ◽

Daniel J. Newcombe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Match Play ◽

Heart Rates ◽

Repeated Sprints ◽

Soccer Match ◽

Repeated Sprint ◽

Movement Characteristics ◽

Simulation Protocol ◽

And Performance

Existing procedures for the simulation of soccer match play fail to incorporate multidirectional and repeated-sprint activities, even though these movements are considered fundamental to match play. In the current study, selected physiological and performance responses were assessed during an adapted version of an existing soccer simulation protocol. Mean heart rates of 163 ± 14 beats·min–1, mean blood lactates of 4.9 ± 2.3 mmol·L-1 and decrements in single-sprint and repeated-sprint performances were observed. The presented adaptations to an existing soccer simulation protocol better reflect the movement characteristics as well as the physiological and performance responses of soccer match play.

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Dietary and Performance Assessment of Elite Soccer Players during a Period of Intense Training

International Journal of Sport Nutrition ◽

10.1123/ijsn.8.3.230 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 230-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

JesÚs Rico-Sanz ◽

Walter R. Frontera ◽

Paul A. Molé ◽

Miguel A. Rivera ◽

Anita Rivera-Brown ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Performance Status ◽

Glycogen Storage ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Knee Extensors ◽

Specific Test ◽

Time To Completion ◽

Intense Training ◽

And Performance

This study examined the nutritional and performance status of elite soccer players during intense training. Eight male players (age 17 ± 2 years) of the Puerto Rican Olympic Team recorded daily activities and food intake over 12 days. Daily energy expenditure was 3,833 ± 571 (SD) kcal, and energy intake was 3,952 ± 1,071 kcal, of which 53.2 ± 6.2% (8.3 g ⋅ kg BW−1) was from carbohydrates (CHO), 32.4 ± 4.0% from fat, and 14.4 ± 2.3% from protein. With the exception of calcium, all micronutrients examined were in accordance with dietary guidelines. Body fat was 7.6 ± 1.1% of body weight. Time to completion of three runs of the soccer-specific test was 37.65 ± 0.62 s, and peak torques of the knee flexors and extensors at 60° ⋅ s−1 were 139 ± 6 and 225 ± 9 N ⋅ m, respectively. Players' absolute amounts of CHO seemed to be above the minimum recommended intake to maximize glycogen storage, but calcium intakes were below recommended. Their body fat was unremarkable, and they had a comparatively good capacity to endure repeated bouts of intense soccer-specific exercise and to exert force with their knee extensors and flexors.

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Interrelationships among Jumping Power, Sprinting Power and Pubertal Status after Controlling for Size in Young Male Soccer Players

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/0031512516686720 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 124 (2) ◽

pp. 329-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Giovani S. Cunha ◽

Sean P. Cumming ◽

João Valente-dos-Santos ◽

João P. Duarte ◽

Gustavo Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Effect Size ◽

Power Output ◽

Allometric Scaling ◽

Young Male ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Large Effect Size ◽

Maximal Power Output ◽

Pubertal Status ◽

Small Effect Size

This study examined power output on jumping and sprinting tests in young soccer players of differing pubertal status, while controlling for body size with allometric scaling exponents. A total of 46 males aged 12–18 years (14.17 years) were divided into three groups: pre-pubescent ( n = 12), pubescent ( n = 22), and post-pubescent ( n = 12). Participants performed a series of tests, including the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 10-meter and 30-meter sprint test protocols. The Post-PUB group was older ( F = 112.411, p < 0.001), more experienced in competitive soccer ( F = 8.055, p = 0.001), taller ( F = 28.940, p < 0.001), and heavier ( F = 20.618, p < 0.001), when compared to peers in the other groups. Mean differences in jumping and sprinting performances suggested a significant effect for pubertal status on performance in the 10-meter sprint (large effect size, F = 8.191, p < 0.001) and 30-meter sprint (large effect size, F = 8.093, p < 0.001) after allometric scaling. Power output derived from SJ (small effect size, F = 0.536, p = 0.001) and CMJ (small effect size, F = 1.058, p = 0.356) showed no significant differences across players of varying pubertal status. Biological maturation showed a large effect on maximal power output for sprints, but not for jumps, when the effect of body size was adjusted by statistically derived allometric exponents in young male soccer players.

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