Abstract
Background and Aims
Bardet Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a wide range of organ dysfunction, including kidney disease. The severity of renal dysfunction is highly variable in this setting, ranging from tubular defects to the end stage renal disease, with poor genotype-phenotype correlation. Proteomics and metabolomics are powerful tools able to contribute to the better understanding of molecular basis of disease conditions. Our previous studies demonstrated that the urinary proteomic pattern of BBS patients differed from that of healthy subjects, with a set of deregulated proteins including cell adhesion and extracellular matrix organization proteins (1). The present study aims to characterize urine metabolomic profile of BBS patients, in order to identify both 1) potential disease biomarkers and 2) aberrant metabolic pathways underlying renal disease
Method
To this end, in the pilot study urine samples have been collected from 14 adult BBS patients and have been compared with healthy volunteers, using an untargeted strategy. In the confirmation study, 24 BBS patients with wide range of kidney dysfunction have been enrolled, and additional control groups, besides healthy subjects, were included: 1) age-gender-matched chronic kidney disease patients by other causes and 2) obese individuals.
Results
Several metabolites were de-regulated in BBS patients compared with normal subjects (lactic acid, glycolic acid,3-Hydroxypropionic acid, pyruvic acid, 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-propionic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, erythropentonic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, 3,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, retinoic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, palmitic acid, 9-Hexadecenoic acid, oleic acid and 9-Octadecenoic acid). The clusterization performed by MetaboAnalyst tool, revealed a possible deregulation of different metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, lipids biosynthesis and glutamate metabolism (p-value <0.01) (figure 1); some of these pathways were described as de-regulated in other ciliopathies (2). In the confirmation study (on-going studies) some metabolites, including lactic acid and intermediates of Krebs cycle, correlated with kidney dysfunction only in the BBS group.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that urine metabolomic fingerprint of BBS patients is different from that of healthy subjects and indicate a possible deregulation of several metabolic pathways; some urinary molecules correlated with kidney dysfunction only in BBS patients, suggesting the specificity of these results.
Dynamics of Fermentation Parameters and Bacterial Community in High-Moisture Alfalfa Silage with or without Lactic Acid Bacteria
