An examination on ‘website accessibility’ for active engagement of visually impaired e-commerce customers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Smita Santoki ◽  
Neha Patvardhan
Keyword(s):  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Active Engagement ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Wcag 2.0 ◽  
Visually Impaired People ◽  
Online Shoppers ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Content Accessibility

BACKGROUND: The dominance of a digital wave is being felt in every sphere of the industry, and has been a big boon for online shoppers today. However, companies tend to ignore a section of their customer base, i.e. those who are visually impaired; although there are well-established standards set by WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines). Although most e-commerce companies in India conform to these guidelines, as per the recommendations from the Indian government; however ironically; these are not accessible by the blind. OBJECTIVE: This paper specially focuses on the list of problems that the visually-impaired in India face while trying to access e-commerce sites, as most of the sites haven’t conformed to the WCAG 2.0 guidelines. METHOD: Qualitative analysis through the Repertory technique by Kelly in which, the grid developed for different constructs addressing various problems faced by such users in accessing e-commerce websites. FINDINGS: From the findings, it is evident that these visually impaired people are extremely open to gaining access towards the companies’ strategies, as they also want to be a part of the main segment of the society, and would in turn be a strong contributor to the profits of the companies, if they’re taken seriously. The findings also have a series of managerial as well as social implications. CONCLUSION: Further, the study also looks at lending some suggestions through which, marketing managers would be able to look into this prevailing problem, and thereby address the same, while enhancing their level of engagement with this specially-enabled client base. This would result not only in adding profits to the business at large, but also ensure customer satisfaction and delight, albeit the fact that they’re differently abled.

The BenToWeb Test Case Suites for the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0

2008 ◽  
pp. 402-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Strobbe ◽  
Johannes Koch ◽  
Evangelos Vlachogiannis ◽  
Reinhard Ruemer ◽  
Carlos A. Velasco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Case ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Wcag 2.0 ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Content Accessibility ◽  
The Web

Code in action: Closing the black box of WCAG 2.0, A Latourian reading of Web accessibility

First Monday ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kreps ◽  
Mhorag Goff
Keyword(s):  
Web Accessibility ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Wcag 2.0 ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Version 2.0 ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Content Accessibility ◽  
Web Developers ◽  
The Web

The focus of much academic work on Web accessibility has been concerned with the lack of implementation of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. There seems, as yet, however, to have been little critical reflection on the Guidelines themselves — save perhaps some awareness of the heterogeneous nature of the Web, and the difficulties facing Web developers trying to ensure their work displays true to their intentions across a wide range of different browsers and devices, making use of continually evolving and contested code. Yet, as this paper highlights, the long drawn out process by which version 2.0 of the WCAG came into being hides many skeletons, including aspects of the process of developing standards that bear closer scrutiny, and reveal much when viewed through Latourian eyes. The findings of this paper suggest that the WCAG2.0 are almost irrelevant today — to the detriment of those for whom they were made — and that the process of creating them was at fault.

Accessibility evaluation using Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Abdul Rahim Wan Mohd Isa ◽  
Ahmad Iqbal Hakim Suhaimi ◽  
Nadhirah Ariffrn ◽  
Nurul Fatimah Ishak ◽  
Nadilah Mohd Ralim
Keyword(s):  
Web Content ◽  
Wcag 2.0 ◽  
Accessibility Evaluation ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Content Accessibility

scholarly journals Comparing Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools and Evaluating the Accessibility of Webpages: Proposed Frameworks

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Alsaeedi
Keyword(s):  
Web Accessibility ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Evaluation Tools ◽  
Wcag 2.0 ◽  
Web Contents ◽  
Accessibility Evaluation ◽  
Accessibility Issues ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Content Accessibility ◽  
Web Developers

With the growth of e-services in the past two decades, the concept of web accessibility has been given attention to ensure that every individual can benefit from these services without any barriers. Web accessibility is considered one of the main factors that should be taken into consideration while developing webpages. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0) have been developed to guide web developers to ensure that web contents are accessible for all users, especially disabled users. Many automatic tools have been developed to check the compliance of websites with accessibility guidelines such as WCAG 2.0 and to help web developers and content creators with designing webpages without barriers for disabled people. Despite the popularity of accessibility evaluation tools in practice, there is no systematic way to compare the performance of web accessibility evaluators. This paper first presents two novel frameworks. The first one is proposed to compare the performance of web accessibility evaluation tools in detecting web accessibility issues based on WCAG 2.0. The second framework is utilized to evaluate webpages in meeting these guidelines. Six homepages of Saudi universities were chosen as case studies to substantiate the concept of the proposed frameworks. Furthermore, two popular web accessibility evaluators, Wave and SiteImprove, are selected to compare their performance. The outcomes of studies conducted using the first proposed framework showed that SiteImprove outperformed WAVE. According to the outcomes of the studies conducted, we can conclude that web administrators would benefit from the first framework in selecting an appropriate tool based on its performance to evaluate their websites based on accessibility criteria and guidelines. Moreover, the findings of the studies conducted using the second proposed framework showed that the homepage of Taibah University is more accessible than the homepages of other Saudi universities. Based on the findings of this study, the second framework can be used by web administrators and developers to measure the accessibility of their websites. This paper also discusses the most common accessibility issues reported by WAVE and SiteImprove.

Determining the Accessibility of e-Government Websites in Sub-Saharan Africa Against WCAG 2.0 Standard

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silas Formunyuy Verkijika ◽  
Lizette De Wet
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Wcag 2.0 ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Corruption Perception ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Government Websites ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Content Accessibility

The purpose of this study was to determine the conformance levels of government websites in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 and examine which macro factors influenced the accessibility these websites. The findings indicated that the majority of government websites in SSA still had a long way to go to become accessible based on the WCAG 2.0 standards. None of the 217 government websites examined adhered to all the WCAG 2.0 guidelines. Cross country analysis showed that there are three macro factors influencing e-government accessibility in SSA, namely Human Development Index (HDI), Corruption Perception Index (CPI), and percentage of the active population (15-64 years). Countries with high HDI levels and low CPI levels tend to have websites with fewer accessibility errors, while those for countries with high percentage of the active population have more accessibility errors.

UX Design Guideline for Health Mobile Application to Improve Accessibility for the Visually Impaired

2018 ◽  
pp. 288-309
Author(s):  
Woo Jin Kim ◽  
Il Kon Kim ◽  
Jongoh Kim ◽  
Minji Kim
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Ux Design ◽  
Visual Aid ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Content Accessibility

A health mobile application (app) has enabled users to access personal health records at any time and place. As an app provides health service to users, it is crucial for an app to be accessible to every user. However, often an app does not provide proper visual aid for users who are visually impaired. The authors restrict the range of visually impaired to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients in this chapter. RP is a rare type of progressive retinal disease that is hard to cure. Unfortunately, there are no established guidelines to assist RP patients in using their degrading sense of vision. In this chapter, the authors review WCAG (web content accessibility guidelines) specified by W3C, analyze the UX designs of 140 popular health apps chosen based on the number of download counts in app stores, and propose a set of standard-compliant UX design guidelines to assist the visually impaired (RP) in accessing visual data and evaluate its compliance compared to WCAG.

Determining the Accessibility of e-Government Websites in Sub-Saharan Africa Against WCAG 2.0 Standard

2021 ◽  
pp. 1385-1404
Author(s):  
Silas Formunyuy Verkijika ◽  
Lizette De Wet
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Wcag 2.0 ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Corruption Perception ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Government Websites ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Content Accessibility

The purpose of this study was to determine the conformance levels of government websites in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 and examine which macro factors influenced the accessibility these websites. The findings indicated that the majority of government websites in SSA still had a long way to go to become accessible based on the WCAG 2.0 standards. None of the 217 government websites examined adhered to all the WCAG 2.0 guidelines. Cross country analysis showed that there are three macro factors influencing e-government accessibility in SSA, namely Human Development Index (HDI), Corruption Perception Index (CPI), and percentage of the active population (15-64 years). Countries with high HDI levels and low CPI levels tend to have websites with fewer accessibility errors, while those for countries with high percentage of the active population have more accessibility errors.

scholarly journals AVALIAÇÃO DA CONFORMIDADE COM O WEB CONTENT ACCESSIBILITY GUIDELINES (WCAG)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (Especial) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Edson Rufino de Souza ◽  
Cláudia Mont’Alvão
Keyword(s):  
Web Content ◽  
Wcag 2.0 ◽  
On Line ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Content Accessibility

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar etapas de uma pesquisa que estudou a relação entre uma técnica de avaliação de acessibilidade – a verificação de conformidade de sítios eletrônicos com o WCAG 2.0 – com as características do perfil do avaliador. Para este fim, preliminarmente foram feitos dois estudos exploratórios: primeiro com diferentes perfis de expertise de avaliadores e roteiro predeterminado e segundo com avaliador com alto nível de expertise e roteiro livre, sendo predefinida apenas a técnica a ser utilizada. Os estudos indicaram (1) a confirmação de uma alta relação de um perfil mais aderente aos conhecimentos sobre acessibilidade e tecnologias web com os resultados da avaliação e (2) a possibilidade de interpretações equivocadas da aplicação de uma técnica sem predefinição de todos os passos a serem seguidos. A partir disso, com roteiro predefinido a partir do documento WCAG-EM 1.0, foi feito um terceiro estudo, apenas com voluntários avaliadores com nível adequado de conhecimento e experiência relacionados à acessibilidade, recrutados por meio de questionário on-line. Dos 83 respondentes, houve 62 respostas válidas e 25 preencheram os critérios para serem considerados aptos à etapa de avaliação de acessibilidade. Dentre estes, nove voluntários realizaram avaliações individuais pela técnica estudada segundo roteiro predefinido, e os resultados foram comparados entre si. Houve muitas inconsistências de entendimento e na maneira de informar os problemas, destacando-se de forma significativa um dos avaliadores que teve melhor autoavaliação em relação aos demais. Os resultados confirmaram a importância do perfil do avaliador para a efetividade da técnica de verificação de conformidade.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Five Different Native and Web-Hybrid Platforms for Building Android Apps and their Accessibility for Screen Readers

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Lucas Pedroso Carvalho ◽  
Felipe Silva Dias ◽  
André Pimenta Freire
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Screen Readers ◽  
Android Apps ◽  
Wcag 2.0 ◽  
Embedded Web ◽  
Android Applications ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Content Accessibility ◽  
Visually Disabled

The choice of an interface platform to develop mobile applications may have important implications to how accessible the resulting product can be for visually-disabled users. This paper aimed to analyze four platforms to develop native and web-hybrid mobile Android applications, and to verify the adequacy of their interface components to implement mobile applications, in order to identify the main accessibility problems that could be encountered by developers when using them, and the main strategies to overcome those issues. We built 5 prototypes of mobile applications with the aim of adhering as much as possible to accessibility recommendations. The applications were built using techniques of native applications developed with Android Studio with and without Web components and hybrid development using the frameworks Apache Cordova, Ionic and Appcelerator Titanium. We then performed an accessibility inspection of a sample of 30 Android interface components present in 5 prototypes of mobile applications, to verify their adequacy for working with screen readers. The results showed that the prototypes developed using web components were more compatible with accessibility criteria in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0) and with the screen reader TalkBack. The most frequent accessibility problems in native components occurred in tables, headings and multimedia elements. We conclude by showing initial evidence that webbased components in hybrid applications developed using webhybrid and native with embedded web components currently have better support for accessibility than applications with only native components.

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