scholarly journals Effect of Gamapren on the production of regulatory cytokines in mice following experimental Flavivirus infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Александр Санин ◽  
Aleksandr Sanin ◽  
Александр Наровлянский ◽  
Aleksandr Narovlyanskiy ◽  
Александр Пронин ◽  
...  

Phosphorylated polyprenols-based medicines are known to inhibit the reproduction of viruses in vitro, as well as exert therapeutic effect in experimental viral infections and viral diseases of pets. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of Gamapren (GP), the active ingredient of which are phosphorylated polyprenols isolated from mulberry leaves, on the production of key regulatory cytokines (CT) ― interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) in experimental infection caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Absettarov strain, in mice. The levels of CT production in the serum of mice was determined by ELISA using commercial sets of firms «Genzyme» and «BioSource» (USA) according to the instructions for use. Infection of mice with TBEV led to the development of acute lethal infection. In the control life expectancy was 8.4 days. Under the action of GP, which was administered 3 and 2 days before infection of mice TBEV, life expectancy increased to 10.9 days, and in the case when GP was administered 3 days before and simultaneously with TBEV, life expectancy increased to 12.5 days. In TBEV-infected mice an increase in serum levels of IFN-γ was recorded on day 4 and 7. On the contrary, GP stimulated the production of IFN-γ at 48 hours. When GP was inoculated simultaneously with TBEV, the level of IFN-γ in blood serum increased on the 3rd and 7th day. When studying the content of IL-10 and IL-12 in the serum of mice, it was shown that in intact mice GP stimulated the content of IL-12 at all stages of the experiment, except for 4 and 10 days. The level of IL-10 did not change throughout the experience, not exceeding the control. To the contrary, in TBEV-infected mice stimulation of IL-12 production was revealed att the 5th (in the second half of the incubation period), 9-th and 10-th day (the period of TBE clinical signs) after infection. The level of IL-10 was increased by 1-st (12.6-fold), 7th and 8th day after infection, tick-borne encephalitis virus (5.6 and 7.2-fold, respectively). In mice simultaneously inoculated with GP and TBEV, the most significant stimulation of IL-12 production was observed at 4th, 5th, 9th and 10th days. IL-10 production was found only at day 3 following GP and TBEV inoculation. At all other stages of the study, IL-10 levels did not exceed the benchmark. Thus, GP inoculated to the TBEV-infected mice stimulates the early production of IFN-γ and IL-12, which may act as one of the key mechanisms of GP antiviral activity. Viruses have the ability to disrupt the balanced development of Th1/Th 2 immune response needed to form an effective antiviral immunity, and GP stimulating the production of key cytokines providing a balanced formation of Th1 and Th2 immune response is able to restore this necessary balance. This property of GP in combination with direct antiviral action, apparently, also provides protection against a virus infection.

Author(s):  
Vladimir Petrović ◽  
Elizabeta Ristanović ◽  
Aleksandar Potkonjak

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was first isolated in the former Yugoslavia in 1953 from the blood of infected human patients in Slovenia.1 The virus was isolated from ticks in 1954, also in Slovenia.2 Thereafter a number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) foci were registered in the western part of the country, while in the Republic of Serbia such foci were not registered. In the period following 1969, no new infections with TBEV could be confirmed in the Republic of Serbia through the routine serological testing of samples from more than 1,000 patients with clinical signs of meningitis and encephalitis, as conducted in laboratories of the Institute of Immunobiology and Virology “Torlak” in Belgrade.3


Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1775
Author(s):  
Theresa Maria Conze ◽  
Zoltán Bagó ◽  
Sandra Revilla-Fernández ◽  
Jürgen Schlegel ◽  
Lutz S. Goehring ◽  
...  

A final diagnosis in a horse with clinical signs of encephalopathy can be challenging despite the use of extensive diagnostics. Clinical signs are often not pathognomonic and need to be interpreted in combination with (specific) laboratory results and epidemiological data of the geographical region of the origin of the case(s). Here we describe the diagnostic pathway of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection in two horses using established molecular diagnostic methods and a novel in situ hybridization technique to differentiate between regionally important/emerging diseases for central Europe: (i) hepatoencephalopathy, (ii) Borna disease virus, and (iii) West Nile virus infections.


Vaccine ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (25) ◽  
pp. 3101-3106 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.V. Morozova ◽  
V.N. Bakhvalova ◽  
O.F. Potapova ◽  
A.E. Grishechkin ◽  
E.I. Isaeva ◽  
...  

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2039
Author(s):  
Jiri Salat ◽  
Milan Hunady ◽  
Pavel Schanilec ◽  
Petra Strakova ◽  
Michal Stefanik ◽  
...  

Dogs are frequently infected with the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). However, to date, only a few clinically manifest cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) have been reported in dogs. In this study, three-month-old beagle dogs were infected with TBEV through a subcutaneous injection. Body temperature, clinical signs, blood haematology, blood biochemistry, and immune responses were monitored for up to 28 days postinfection (p.i.). No changes in body temperature or clinical signs were observed in the infected dogs. Most haematology and blood biochemistry parameters were unchanged after the infection, except for a slight reduction in blood lymphocyte counts, but they were within the physiological range. Low-titre viraemia was detected in 2/4 infected dogs between days 1 and 3 p.i. All infected dogs developed a robust immune response, in terms of neutralising antibodies. Thus, TBEV infections lead to effective seroconversion in dogs. Next, to assess TBEV exposure in dogs in the TBEV-endemic region of the Czech Republic, we conducted a serosurvey. Virus neutralisation tests revealed TBEV-specific antibodies in 17 of 130 (13.07%) healthy dogs, which confirmed a high, but clinically inappreciable TBEV exposure rate in the endemic area. The seropositivity rate was similar (12.7%; 41 positives out of 323) in a subgroup of dogs with various clinical disorders, and it was 13.4% (23 out of 171) in a subgroup of dogs with signs of acute neurological disease. Two dogs with fatal acute meningoencephalitis showed positive results for TBEV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies. These data extended our understanding of the clinical presentation of TBEV infections.


2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Dörrbecker ◽  
Gerhard Dobler ◽  
Martin Spiegel ◽  
Frank T. Hufert

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 4539-4544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Jiang ◽  
Manel Jordana ◽  
Zhou Xing ◽  
Fionna Smaill ◽  
Denis P. Snider ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Helicobacter infection leads to chronic inflammation of the stomach. Although the infection persists in spite of an immune response, animal studies have shown that adjuvant-based oral vaccines can protect against infection and even eliminate established infection. These vaccines are thought to induce a Th2 immune response, counterbalancing the Th1 response seen with natural infections. As a prelude to using adenovirus vectors carrying cytokine genes to modulate the immune response to established Helicobacter felisinfection, we first examined the effect of the replication-defective adenovirus (RDA) vector itself. C57BL/6 mice chronically infected withH. felis (8 to 10 weeks) received intramuscular injections of RDA. The effect of RDA on the severity of H. feliscolonization and the degree of gastric inflammation was assessed 2 weeks later. RDA caused a significant decrease in H. feliscolonization without significantly altering the associated inflammation. RDA did not alter the H. felis-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2a, and IgA responses in the serum but was associated with an increase in gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD8+ spleen cells. To determine if IFN-γ or Th1 cytokines were involved in the response to RDA, we examined RDA treatment ofH. felis infection in mice lacking either IFN-γ or interleukin-12 (IL-12). RDA failed to alter H. feliscolonization in either of these two mouse strains. Thus, viral infection of mice chronically infected with H. felis led to a significant decrease in H. felis colonization in an IFN-γ- and IL-12-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that Th1 responses associated with systemic viral infection can influence an established H. felis infection.


Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was first isolated in the former Yugoslavia in 1953 from the blood of infected human patients in Slovenia.1 The virus was isolated from ticks in 1954, also in Slovenia.2 Thereafter a number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) foci were registered in the western part of the country, while in the Republic of Serbia such foci were not registered. In the period following 1969, no new infections with TBEV could be confirmed in the Republic of Serbia through the routine serological testing of samples from more than 1,000 patients with clinical signs of meningitis and encephalitis, as conducted in laboratories of the Institute of Immunobiology and Virology “Torlak” in Belgrade.3


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