Case study on the living standard of rice famers in An Giang province in the period of 2005-2014

For a more comprehensive look at the life of rice farmers in the context of environmental change, research on the change of the living standards of rice farming households in the period of 2005-2014 is done. In this study, social survey is utilized with sample size of 46 rice farming households in 6 districts in An Giang province (7-8 households/district on average) with the tool for data collection and analyzing having been the chart of selfevaluation of rice farmers on their living standards in the last 10 years. The study results showed that rice farming livelihood improves the life of farmers. However, if considered it during a long time, the living standard of the majority of rice farming households did not increase. Rice production is a kind of livelihood related to risks caused by negative change of the natural environment and the rice market's volatility. To adapt with the change of environment and to maintain the living standard, the rice farmers have implemented such solutions as livelihood diversification, plant transformation, increase of the cultivated areas and of investment in education for their children. Together with the goal of ensuring food security and enhancing rice exports, it is necessary to ensure profit, living standards of rice farmers, to strengthen their resources adapting to climate change, and to link the production with the market and international integration.

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ANALISIS MANFAAT EKONOMI DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KELANCARAN PENGEMBALIAN KREDIT (STUDI KASUS PADA KOPERASI PERTANIAN SEANDANAN KABUPATEN PESAWARAN)

Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis ◽

10.23960/jiia.v9i3.5335 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 462

Author(s):

Roni Mustofa ◽

Dyah Aring Hepiana Lestari ◽

Muhammad Irfan Affandi

Keyword(s):

Economic Benefits ◽

Agricultural Cooperatives ◽

Rice Farming ◽

Case Study Method ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Agricultural Cooperative ◽

Rice Farmers ◽

Quantitative Analyses ◽

One Year

This study aims to analyze the economic benefits, income of rice farming, allocation of credit usage and analyze the factors affecting the chances of the smoothness rate of return at Seandanan Agricultural Cooperatives. The research is conducted at Seandanan Agricultural Cooperative in Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province, which is determined intentionally. The research data were taken in July 2019. This study uses a case study method. Respondents in this study are 70 rice farmers member of Seandanan Agricultural Cooperative. The data analysis method use descriptive qualitative and quantitative analyses. The results showed that the economic benefits received by members of cooperative in one year is IDR1,711,312.47 and in high category. The average income of rice farming received by members of the Seandanan Agricultural Cooperative in one year has been classified as high, in the amount over cash costs and over total costs, respectively, of IDR17,308,552.78 and IDR16,416,268.56. Allocation of credit of cooperative membersconsistd of 58.85% for productive activities and the rest, 41.15% for consumptive activities. Factors that affect the chances of the smoothness rate of credit return by rice farmers members of Seandanan Agricultural Cooperative are the education level of farmers and the allocation of productive credit usage.Key words: agricultural cooperatives, consumptive, credit, and productive

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Aerodynamic Contrails: Phenomenology and Flow Physics

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1175/2008jas2767.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 217-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

K. Gierens ◽

B. Kärcher ◽

H. Mannstein ◽

B. Mayer

Keyword(s):

Ambient Atmosphere ◽

Substantial Fraction ◽

Upper Troposphere ◽

Flow Physics ◽

Aircraft Wings ◽

Study Results ◽

Adiabatic Cooling ◽

Long Time ◽

Formation Conditions

Abstract Aerodynamic contrails have been recognized for a long time although they appear sporadically. Usually one observes them under humid conditions near the ground, where they are short-lived phenomena. Aerodynamic contrails appear also at cruise levels where they may persist when the ambient atmosphere is ice-supersaturated. The present paper presents a theoretical investigation of aerodynamic contrails in the upper troposphere. The required flow physics are explained and applied to a case study. Results show that the flow over aircraft wings leads to large variations of pressure and temperature. Average pressure differences between the upper and lower sides of a wing are on the order of 50 hPa, which is a quite substantial fraction of cruise-level atmospheric pressures. Adiabatic cooling exceeds 20 K about 2 m above the wing in a case study shown here. Accordingly, extremely high supersaturations (exceeding 1000%) occur for a fraction of a second. The potential consequences for the ice microphysics are discussed. Because aerodynamic contrails are independent of the formation conditions of jet contrails, they form an additional class of contrails that might be complementary because they form predominantly in layers that are too warm for jet contrail formation.

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Profitability of rice production in different production systems in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2019-0022 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 237-246

Author(s):

Nneka Chidiebere-Mark ◽

Donatus Ohajianya ◽

Polycarp Obasi ◽

Steve Onyeagocha

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Food Security ◽

Production Systems ◽

Upland Rice ◽

Rice Production ◽

Cooperative Groups ◽

Rice Farming ◽

Rice Farmers ◽

Poor Access ◽

Farming Households

AbstractProfitability of rice production in different production systems in Ebonyi State, Nigeria was evaluated. Rice is critical for food security in Nigeria, hence, farmers need to make appropriate choices of rice production systems to optimize production and ensure an adequate domestic supply. This study used 2015 survey data from rice farming households. Rice farmers in swamp, lowland and upland rice production systems showed variability in profit. Swamp production systems had the highest return per hectare (29.37%) followed by lowland production systems (20.10%) and upland production systems (13.03%). Poor access to production credit and climate change were constraints to rice production in the area. Rice production using the swamp production system is profitable and would ensure increased production and higher returns to the farmers. It is recommended that farmers should form cooperative groups to enable them to pool resources together to boost their production.

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Profit Efficiency and Poverty Status of Farmers in Selected Rice Growing Communities in Cross River State, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension Economics & Sociology ◽

10.9734/ajaees/2019/v30i130098 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Idiong C. Idiong ◽

Michael A. Iko

Keyword(s):

Educational Level ◽

The State ◽

Farm Size ◽

Rice Farming ◽

Profit Efficiency ◽

Cross River ◽

Cross River State ◽

Rice Farmers ◽

Poverty Status ◽

Farming Households

Aim: This study analyzed the profit efficiency and poverty status of rice farmers in selected rice growing communities in Cross River State, Nigeria. Methodology: The multistage random sampling was used to select rice farming households in the study area. Primary data were collected by means of questionnaire. The mean per capita household expenditure (MPCHHE) and the P-alpha measures of poverty were used for the measurement of poverty while the Stochastic Profit Frontier (SPF) was used to obtain the efficiency estimates and determinants among the rice farming households. The logit regression model was also used to show the effect of some factors on poverty status of the rice farmers. Results and Discussion: The results showed that, out of the 64.32% of the farmers who were generally poor, 40.85% and 23.47% of them were assessed to extremely and moderately poor respectively. The incidence, depth and severity of poverty were 65.32%, 27.84% and 16.38% respectively. The study further showed that profit efficiency ranged between 0.34 and 1.0 with mean efficiency of 0.73, suggesting that there are opportunities for rice farmers in the State to increase their farm income with a view of reducing their poverty levels. The result indicate that educational level, farm size and efficiency negatively influenced poverty while sex, age, educational level, farm size, household size and farming experience were the main determinants of profit efficiency. Inadequate credit access, capital and supply of farm inputs; high cost of labour, poor marketing outlets, and near absence of modern processing facilities were the rice production constraints. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study has shown that rice farmers in the State were majorly poor and relatively efficient with opportunities for improvement. To improve the profit efficiency of rice farmers and reduce their household poverty status would require addressing some vital policy indicators that influenced them. Such policies should encourage experienced rice farmers to remain in production, the raising of the level of education of the poor through adult education, and provision of single digit interest loans and input subsidies to enable the farmers increase their farm sizes.

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PERAN KOPERASI PERTANIAN (KOPTAN) MITRA SUBUR DALAM PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN DAN KESEJAHTERAAN PETANI PADI DI KECAMATAN GUNUNG SUGIH KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TENGAH

Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis ◽

10.23960/jiia.v8i4.4705 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 608

Author(s):

Lussy Nurfitasary ◽

Dyah Aring Hepiana Lestari ◽

Ani Suryani

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Household Income ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Rice Farming ◽

Case Study Method ◽

Agricultural Cooperative ◽

Rice Farmers ◽

Rice Farmer ◽

Additional Income

The purposes of this research are to compare income of rice farming members and nonmembers of Mitra Subur Agricultural Cooperative, analyze the economic benefits received by members from the cooperative, the contribution of the cooperative economic benefits to members household income, the distribution of members and nonmembers household income, and compare the level of welfare of cooperative members and nonmembers. This research uses a case study method at Agricultural Cooperative of Mitra Subur subdistrict Gunung Sugih, the Central Lampung district and the number of respondents is sixty people that consist of members and nonmembers. Data of this research were collected in February – March 2018 and analyzed descriptively. The reseach results showed that the rice farming income of members and nonmembers of Mitra Subur Agricultural Cooperative in season one was significantly different, while in season two was not significantly different. The economic benefits of cooperative received by members was still considered low and the distribution of remaining business proceeds had not been carried out fairly. The contribution of the cooperative economic benefits to household income of rice farmers members was still relatively low. Additional income from activities outside of the rice farming resulted in higher income inequality of nonmember farmers, while the income inequality of member farmers was lower. Rice farmer members and nonmembers were in the prosperous category, but the welfare level of non members was higher than that of member farmers.Key words: cooperative, income, member, nonmember

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Determinants of Production and Income Risks of Rainfed Lowland Farming: A Case Study in Maros Regency, Indonesia

Caraka Tani Journal of Sustainable Agriculture ◽

10.20961/carakatani.v36i2.47713 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 319

Author(s):

Arifin Arifin ◽

Muhammad Arsyad Biba ◽

Syafiuddin Syafiuddin

Keyword(s):

Sampling Technique ◽

Lowland Rice ◽

Rice Farming ◽

Rice Farmers ◽

Regional Features ◽

Production Factors ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Rainfed Lowland ◽

The Government

Rainfed lowland farming production is generally lower than irrigated lowland rice due to area differentiation regional features. Rainfed lowland rice farming can only produce rice during the rainy season because lowland rice cannot be planted in the dry season. The purposes of this study are (1) to analyze the risk of production and income of rice farming in rainfed lowland farming and (2) to investigate the factors influencing the risk of rice farming in rainfed lowland farming. Data were collected from 100 respondents of rice farmers in four sub-districts in Maros Regency using the multi-stage cluster random sampling technique. The analysis of production and income risks were performed using multiple linear regression with the heteroscedastic method. The results have shown that rice farming in rainfed lowland farming poses a risk to production and income. The variables that significantly influence the rainfed lowland rice farming are land area, the number of seeds, the amount of urea fertilizer and the amount of pesticide. Farmers are required to manage risk by prioritizing the effectiveness and efficiency production factors as needed. Similarly the government is expected to assist farmers in maintaining the level of rice selling prices.

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ANALISIS PENDAPATAN DAN TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI (KASUS PETANI PADI ORGANIK DAN ANORGANIK DI KECAMATAN PRINGSEWU DAN KECAMATAN PARDASUKA, KABUPATEN PRINGSEWU)

Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis ◽

10.23960/jiia.v8i4.4698 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 555

Author(s):

Ayu Triana ◽

Dwi Haryono ◽

Tubagus Hasanuddin

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Farm Income ◽

Household Welfare ◽

Rice Farming ◽

Case Study Method ◽

Rice Farmers ◽

Organic Rice ◽

Average Household Income ◽

The Government

This research aims to analyze the level of income and welfare of organic and inorganic rice farmers households in Pringsewu and Pardasuka Sub-District. This research used a case study method in Pringsewu and Pardasuka Sub-District, Pringsewu Regency purposively with consideration that the area is a regional pioneer of organic rice farming in Lampung Province and has obtained SNI certification from the government. The total samples were 37 farmers consisted of 17 organic rice farmers and 20 inorganic rice farmers. The data were collected in April-June 2018 and analyzed by farm income analysis, household income analysis, and welfare analysis based on BPS’s criteria (2014). The results showed that the average household income of organic and inorganic rice farmers in Pringsewu and Pardasuka Sub-Districts are IDR 21,520,505.88 per year and IDR18,785,344.38 per year. Based on BPS’s criteria, as many as 88.24% and70% households of organic and inorganic rice farmers are included in the already prosperous category.Key words: household welfare, inorganic rice, income, organic rice

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Agent-Based Modeling of Sustainable Ecological Consumption for Grasslands: A Case Study of Inner Mongolia, China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11082261 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 2261 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Huimin Yan ◽

Lihu Pan ◽

Zhichao Xue ◽

Lin Zhen ◽

Xuehong Bai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ecosystem Services ◽

Inner Mongolia ◽

Grassland Management ◽

Living Standards ◽

Living Standard ◽

Management Scenarios ◽

Agent Based ◽

Ecosystem Protection ◽

Grassland Ecosystems

Sustainable ecosystem services consumption is of vital importance to the survival and development of human society. How to balance the conflicts between ecosystem protection and ecosystem services consumption by local residents has been a serious challenge, especially in ecologically vulnerable areas. To explore the reasonable ecosystem services consumption approaches of grassland ecosystems for sustainable land system management, this study takes Hulun Buir of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as a case study region and develops an EcoC-G (ecological consumption of grassland) model based on herders’ livelihood behaviors using the agent-based model technique to simulate the dynamics of ecosystem pressure, livestock production, and living quality of herders under different grassland management scenarios over the next 30 years. The EcoC-G model links the supply and consumption of grassland ecosystem services by calculating the ecosystem net primary productivity (NPP) supply and household NPP consumption. The model includes three sub-models, namely, the individual status transferring sub-model, the households’ grassland-use decision sub-model, and the ecosystem pressure sub-model. In accordance with multi-objective grassland management practices, the following four land management scenarios were simulated: (1) baseline scenario, (2) increasing household’s living standard, (3) ecosystem protection, and (4) balancing living standard improvement with the protection of the ecosystem. The result indicates that by focusing on the NPP supply and consumption of the grassland ecosystem, the EcoC-G is capable of simulating the impacts of herders’ livelihood behaviors on grassland ecosystems. If timely grassland management strategies are implemented, it is possible to relieve the ecosystem pressure and improve the livelihood of local herders. The specific scenario simulation results are: (1) Under the current grassland management mode, the pasture could never be overgrazed, and herders could achieve the basic living standard, but the accumulated wealth decreased due to the decline of livestock. (2) With grazing control, herders can accumulate wealth by increasing the breeding amount and reducing the marketing rate, but the ecosystem consumption pressure can reach a maximum of 2.3 times. (3) With strict restrictions on the livestock number, the pressure on the ecosystem decreases; however, herders might not achieve basic living standards. (4) Modest regulation leads to rational ecological consumption intervals, meaning the ecosystem pressure will become stable and herders can gradually accumulate wealth with the achievement of basic living standards in advance.

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How Much Do Rice Farmers Earn from Their Crops? Evidence from a Rice-Exporting Country

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v8i1.16402 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 302

Author(s):

Tran Quoc Nhan ◽

Le Thi Van Ly ◽

Le Van Tan

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Mekong Delta ◽

Household Survey ◽

Farm Size ◽

Small Scale ◽

Rice Farming ◽

Production Scale ◽

Rice Farmers ◽

Land Size ◽

Farming Households

This study aims to investigate the earning capability of rice-farming households in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta. The Delta is recognized as the largest rice-producing region in Vietnam that is known as the world’s third rice exporter. We used data collected from a farm-household survey with 110 rice farmers and applied descriptive statistics and correlation model for data analysis. We found that although the production scale of rice farmers is relatively small, their rice cultivation is profitable. The findings illustrated that the rice-farming household’s income was significantly associated with rice income and rice land size. This suggests that the rice households’ income is likely to rely on their farm size. Evidence from the study showed that rice households, particularly small-scale farms earn low income and they are likely to remain poor and in a state of poverty. The implication of the study may be that the Vietnamese government should amend the policy on rice land use and pay more considerable attention to small-farm households.

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