Differential Effects of the Lateral Hypothalamus Lesion as an Origin of Orexin and Blockade of Orexin-1 Receptor in the Orbitoftontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex on Their Neuronal Activity

Several studies revealed that orexins may take part in the regulation of the different forms of affective and cognitive processes during wakefulness. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as an important part of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have a crucial role in cognitive processes such as reward and decision-making and has a high density of orexin receptor type 1 (OX1Rs). In the present study, to find out the role of OX1Rs in the OFC neurons firing rate, the OX1Rs were inhibited in this area after a10-min baseline recording. In the second part, the lateral hypothalamus (LH) as the main source of orexinergic neurons was inhibited and its effect on the firing rate and activity pattern of the ACC or OFC neurons were detected by using single-unit recording technique in the rats. Results showed that blockade of OX1Rs in the OFC could excite 8 and inhibit 1 neuron out of 11. Besides, the blockade of OX1Rs in the ACC could excite 6 and inhibit 3 neurons out of 10. Also, LH inactivation excited 5 out of 12 neurons and inhibited 6 neurons in the ACC. It excited 8 and inhibited 6 neurons out of 14 in the OFC. These data suggested that blockade of the OX1Rs excited 72% of the neurons, but LH inactivation had an exciting effect on just 50% of neurons in two main subregions of PFC. It seems that the PFC neurons receive the orexinergic inputs from the LH and indirectly from other sources.

Download Full-text

Anterior cingulate cortex encoding of effortful behavior

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00654.2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 121 (2) ◽

pp. 701-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Blake S. Porter ◽

Kristin L. Hillman ◽

David K. Bilkey

Keyword(s):

Firing Rate ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Energy Use ◽

Critical Role ◽

Behavioral Outcomes ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Relative Value ◽

Multiple Behaviors

An animal’s ability to assess the value of their behaviors to minimize energy use while maximizing goal achievement is critical to its survival. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been previously shown to play a critical role in this behavioral optimization process, especially when animals are faced with effortful behaviors. In the present study, we designed a novel task to investigate the role of the ACC in evaluating behaviors that varied in effort but all resulted in the same outcome. We recorded single unit activity from the ACC as rats ran back and forth in a shuttle box that could be tilted to different tilt angles (0, 15, and 25°) to manipulate effort. Overall, a majority of ACC neurons showed selective firing to specific effort conditions. During effort expenditure, ACC units showed a consistent firing rate bias toward the downhill route compared with the more difficult uphill route, regardless of the tilt angle of the apparatus. Once rats completed a run and received their fixed reward, ACC units also showed a clear firing rate preference for the single condition with the highest relative value (25° downhill). To assess effort preferences, we used a choice version of our task and confirmed that rats prefer downhill routes to uphill routes when given the choice. Overall, these results help to elucidate the functional role of the ACC in monitoring and evaluating effortful behaviors that may then bias decision-making toward behaviors with the highest utility. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We developed a novel effort paradigm to investigate how the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) responds to behaviors with varied degrees of physical effort and how changes in effort influence the ACC’s evaluation of behavioral outcomes. Our results provide evidence for a wider role of the ACC in its ability to motivate effortful behaviors and evaluate the outcome of multiple behaviors within an environment.

Download Full-text

Effect of Nutmeg Administration on the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (Area 24a) of Adult Male Albino Rats and the Protective Role of Vitamin C: A Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

Austin Journal of Anatomy ◽

10.26420/austinjanat.2017.1071 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

M El-Sherif N

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Adult Male ◽

Immunohistochemical Study ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Protective Role ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Cortex Area

Download Full-text

Role of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Translational Pain Research

Neuroscience Bulletin ◽

10.1007/s12264-020-00615-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 405-422

Author(s):

Xiao Xiao ◽

Ming Ding ◽

Yu-Qiu Zhang

Keyword(s):

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Pain Research

Download Full-text

Comparing the role of the anterior cingulate cortex and 6-hydroxydopamine nucleus accumbens lesions on operant effort-based decision making

European Journal of Neuroscience ◽

10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06726.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 29 (8) ◽

pp. 1678-1691 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Mark E. Walton ◽

James Groves ◽

Katie A. Jennings ◽

Paula L. Croxson ◽

Trevor Sharp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Nucleus Accumbens ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

6 Hydroxydopamine

Download Full-text

Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Impairs Information Sampling and Learning in Loss Contexts

10.1101/2021.08.04.455080 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kianoush Banaie Boroujeni ◽

Michelle K Sigona ◽

Robert Louie Treuting ◽

Manuel J Thomas ◽

Charles F Caskey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Behavioral Flexibility ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Transcranial Ultrasound ◽

Neural Signals ◽

Visual Objects ◽

Ultrasound Stimulation ◽

Information Sampling

Neural activity in anterior cingulate cortex and the anterior striatum predicts which visual objects are sampled and how likely objects are paired with positive or aversive outcomes. We causally tested whether these neural signals contribute to behavioral flexibility. Disrupting with transcranial ultrasound the ACC, but not striatum, prolonged information sampling when attentional demands were high, impaired flexible learning, and reduced the ability to avoid losses. These results support a role of the ACC in guiding attention and information sampling to overcome motivational conflict during adaptive behaviors.

Download Full-text

Role of the anterior cingulate cortex in the retrieval of novel object recognition memory after a long delay

Learning & Memory ◽

10.1101/lm.044784.116 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 310-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Marie A. Pezze ◽

Hayley J. Marshall ◽

Kevin CF. Fone ◽

Helen J. Cassaday

Keyword(s):

Object Recognition ◽

Recognition Memory ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Novel Object Recognition ◽

Novel Object ◽

Object Recognition Memory

Download Full-text

A role of anterior cingulate cortex in the emergence of worker–parasite relationship

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.2111145118 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 118 (48) ◽

pp. e2111145118

Author(s):

Soyoun Ahn ◽

Yujeong Kang ◽

Jong Won Lee ◽

Se Jin Jeong ◽

Yoo Jin Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potassium Channel ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Social Dilemma ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Parasite Relationship ◽

Group Members ◽

Lever Pressing

We studied the brain mechanisms underlying action selection in a social dilemma setting in which individuals’ effortful gains are unfairly distributed among group members. A stable “worker–parasite” relationship developed when three individually operant-conditioned rats were placed together in a Skinner box equipped with response lever and food dispenser on opposite sides. Specifically, one rat, the “worker,” engaged in lever-pressing while the other two “parasitic” rats profited from the worker’s effort by crowding the feeder in anticipation of food. Anatomically, c-Fos expression in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was significantly higher in worker rats than in parasite rats. Functionally, ACC inactivation suppressed the worker’s lever-press behavior drastically under social, but only mildly under individual, settings. Transcriptionally, GABAA receptor– and potassium channel–related messenger RNA expressions were reliably lower in the worker’s, relative to parasite’s, ACC. These findings indicate the requirement of ACC activation for the expression of exploitable, effortful behavior, which could be mediated by molecular pathways involving GABAA receptor/potassium channel proteins.

Download Full-text