scholarly journals The Main Germanic Dialects of Flanders

Discourse ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 137-153
Author(s):  
L. A. Ulianitckaia ◽  
A. A. Shumkov
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
Intermediate Language ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
West Flemish

Introduction. The article reveals a complicated language situation in the Flemish region of Belgium - a progressing extinction of Germanic dialects, which are historically spread on this territory. Each dialectal group has its unique features, and the West-Flemish and Limburgish groups might have become grounds for particular languages.Methodology and sources. The methodological base consists in a complex approach, combining the comparative-historical and contrastive methods with the method of sociolinguistic interpretation. The investigation is conducted on the language material, collected from different dialectal dictionaries of Dutch, as well as from special linguistic papers on the language situation in Flanders.Results and discussion. The article represents a multiplicity of Germanic dialects, existing on the territory of modern Flanders. A short revue is given on lexical and grammatical peculiarities of four main dialectal groups, as well as on their peculiar phonetics. A special attention is, respectively, paid to the urban dialects of Antwerp, Gent, Bruges and Hasselt. There are analyzed some interferential phenomena, caused by the contact of the investigated dialects with Romanic and Germanic environment and occurring on all language levels - from phonetic to the syntactic ones. It has been suggested, that certain specific grammar forms in Flemish dialects may be result of phonetic interference. For Marols, which originally belongs to the group of Brabant dialects, the juncture between Germanic morphosyntactic structure and Roman lexis is discussed.Conclusion. For the last 20 years the percentage of persons, speaking the Germanic dialects of Flanders, has demonstrated a catastrophic decrease. Along with that, the main features of these dialects (mostly of the Brabant ones) have gone over to an intermediate language “tussentaal”, in both lexis and grammar. This language is being formed inbetween the Germanic dialects and Dutch; the latter is represented in the Flemish region by two variants – standard (common) Dutch and Belgian Dutch. The progressing decrease in the number of persons, speaking the autochthonous dialects of Flanders, is thoughtprovoking towards the exigency to fix the disappearing language variants through a strict scientific way.

Patterns of Variation in Two Dialect Areas in Northern Belgium

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 131-153
Author(s):  
Rob Belemans ◽  
Reinhild Vandekerckhove
Keyword(s):  
Actual State ◽  
General Survey ◽  
The West ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Eastern Periphery ◽  
Language Area ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
West Flemish ◽  
Phonological Change ◽  
Language Influence

Abstract. The article focuses on dialect change in the western and eastern periphery of the southern Dutch language area, i.e. in the province of West-Flanders and the province of Limburg. Both by a general survey of the dialect situation in these regions and by the analysis of two instances of phonological change, it is demonstrated that the actual state and dynamics of these areas is essentially different in terms of dialect loss and dialect vitality. The West-Flemish data reveal an intertwining of interdialectal and standard language influence, whereas the changes registered in the Limburg data unambiguously point to standard language influence.

Deflection in Flemish between the 13th and 20th centuries: An interplay between analogical and articulatory factors

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinel Gerritsen
Keyword(s):  
Syllable Structure ◽  
The West ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
West Flemish ◽  
Diachronic Development

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the linguistic embedding, transition, and actuation of the obliteration of the gerund ending -e in the West Flemish dialect of Bruges between the 13th and 20th centuries. The following factors appear to have played a part in the change: syllable structure of the verb, nasalization of the last consonant of the stem, and frequency of the verb. The study shows that deflection (loss of inflections) started in the 14th century and is almost complete today. There are strong indications that the obliteration of the gerund ending was originally caused by analogical factors, but that articulatory factors played a leading role in the ensuing centuries. The areal spread of the linguistic factors that condition the occurrence of the gerund ending in the dialects in the region around Bruges nowadays suggests that the diachronic development in Bruges is not idiosyncratic for Bruges but holds for a much larger area.

West Flemish Negation and the Derivation of SOV-Order in West Germanic

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliane Haegeman
Keyword(s):  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Canonical Projection ◽  
The West ◽  
Surface Distribution ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Sentential Negation ◽  
Final Sentence ◽  
West Flemish ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Better Than

This paper focuses on the expression of sentential negation in West Flemish (WF), which it examines with respect to competing theories for deriving the West Germanic verb-final sentence pattern. The empirical adequacy of three hypotheses proposed to account for the verb-final order in the West Germanic languages is tested: (i) the ‘traditional’ OV analysis with head-final base structures; (ii) an antisymmetric approach with only head-complement order and without V-to-I movement; (iii) an antisymmetric approach with head-complement order, but with V-to-I movement and remnant movement of the projection containing the trace of V. Specifically, the question is asked to what extent these analyses capture the surface distribution of WF negation markers (niet, en and negative quantifiers). The paper shows that the traditional OV analysis is certainly adequate for the description of the data concerned. As far as antisymmetric approaches are concerned, a double movement analysis fares better than antisymmetric approaches without V-to-I movement. The paper also shows that, contrary to what has often been assumed, the WF morpheme en is not necessarily analysed as the head of NegP, the canonical projection to encode sentential negation, but that it could also plausibly be analysed as the head of PolP, a higher functional projection which encodes polarity.

scholarly journals De levenwekker tot leven gewekt. Een nieuwe biografie over Hugo Verriest

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-111
Author(s):  
Lieve Gevers
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Student Movement ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Door Zijn ◽  
History Of ◽  
West Flemish ◽  
The University

Hugo Verriest (1840-1922) was een West-Vlaamse priester die een legendarische reputatie verwierf in de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging. Romain Vanlandschoot publiceerde hierover in 2014 een uitgebreide en rijke biografie. Verriest was een leerling van de bekende priester-dichter Guido Gezelle in het klein seminarie Roeselare en werd op zijn beurt de mentor van de Roeselaarse scholier Albrecht Rodenbach die omstreeks 1875 de katholieke Vlaamse studentenbeweging in het leven riep. Verriest speelde zelf een actieve rol in die beweging door zijn jarenlange hoofdredacteurschap van het West-Vlaamse studententijdschrift De Vlaamsche Vlagge. Hij had ook nauwe banden met de Oud-Hoogstudentenbond van West-Vlaanderen die sinds de jaren 1880 bijdroeg tot de radicalisering van de Vlaamse beweging in de richting van een taalpolitieke en volksgezinde landdagbeweging.  Over de jaren dat Verriest werkzaam was in het onderwijs, als leraar in Roeselare (1867-1877) en daarna als directeur in Ieper (1877-1888), was al veel bekend. De biografie van Vanlandschoot is vooral vernieuwend voor het leven van ‘de rijpere’ Verriest, toen hij pastoor was in Wakken (1888-1895) en vervolgens in Ingooigem (1895-1922). Het weekblad De Nieuwe Tijd waarvan Verriest hoofdredacteur werd vormde een treffende illustratie van manier waarop in de jaren 1890 Vlaamse en sociale beweging in eenzelfde bedding samenvloeiden. Als pastoor in Ingooigem knoopte Verriest vriendschappelijke betrekkingen aan met het Brusselse modernistisch-literaire en overwegend vrijzinnige milieu van Van Nu en Straks. Hij vond voortaan ook een trouwe metgezel in zijn dorpsgenoot en auteur Stijn Streuvels. Hij werd tegelijk zowel het levende symbool als de actieve propagandist van ‘het Westvlaamse trio’ Gezelle-Verriest-Rodenbach waarvoor geleidelijk aan een ware cultus ontstond. Keerzijde van deze evolutie was het weggroeien van zijn besloten West-Vlaamse en katholieke achtergrond. Hugo Verriest komt in dit belangrijke boek van Vanlandschoot naar voren niet enkel als een ‘unieke verbindingsfiguur’ in de Vlaamse beweging maar ook als ‘pluralistische katholiek en verdraagzaam flamingant’.________The Life-Bringer Brought to Life. A New Biography of Hugo VerriestHugo Verriest (1840-1922) was a West Flemish priest who acquired a legendary reputation in the history of the Flemish Movement. Romain Vanlandschoot published a comprehensive and rich biography of him in 2014. Verriest was a pupil of the well-known priest-poet Guido Gezelle in the minor seminary of Roeselare and became in turn the mentor of the Roeselare student Albrecht Rodenbach, who founded the Catholic Flemish student movement around 1875. Verriest himself played an active role in the movement through his years-long chief editorship of the West Flemish student publication De Vlaamsche Vlagge (“The Flemish Flag”). He also had close connections to the university alumni association of West Flanders, which since the 1880s contributed to a radicalization of the Flemish Movement toward a focus on language policy and mass politics.A great deal was already known about the years when Verriest was active in education, as a teacher in Roeselare (1867-1877) and thereafter as a principal in Ypres (1877-1888). Vanlandschoot’s biography is most innovative regarding the life of “the more mature” Verriest, when he was a pastor in Wakken (1888-1895) and then in Ingooigem (1895-1922). The weekly paper De Nieuwe Tijd (“The New Time”) of which Verriest became editor-in-chief forms a striking illustration of the manner in which the Flemish and social movements merged in the 1890s. As a pastor in Ingooigem Verriest established friendly relations with the literarily modernist and overwhelmingly freethinking milieu of Van Nu en Straks (“Of Now and Later”). He later found a faithful companion in his fellow villager and author Stijn Streuvels. He became at once both a living symbol as well as an active propagandist for the ‘West Flemish Trio’ of Gezelle-Verriest-Rodenbach for which a veritable cult gradually developed. The other side of this evolution was the casting away of his narrow West Flemish and Catholic background. In this important book of Vanlandschoot’s, Hugo Verriest emerges not only as a ‘unique nexus of connection’ of the Flemish Movement, but also as a ‘pluralist Catholic and tolerant flamingant’.

Enumeration and Identification of Asbestos Fibres in Water

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mudroch ◽  
J. R. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Research Work ◽  
List Type ◽  
The West ◽  
Asbestos Fibre ◽  
Amphibole Asbestos

Approximately 60,000 tons per day of waste from taconite mining, tailing, are added to the west arm of Lake Superior at Silver Bay. Tailings contain nearly the same amount of quartz and amphibole asbestos, cummingtonite and actinolite in fibrous form. Cummingtonite fibres from 0.01μm in length have been found in the water supply for Minnesota municipalities.The purpose of the research work was to develop a method for asbestos fibre counts and identification in water and apply it for the enumeration of fibres in water samples collected(a) at various stations in Lake Superior at two depth: lm and at the bottom.(b) from various rivers in Lake Superior Drainage Basin.

The fight to save Uganda’s White Rhino

1964 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
White Rhino

In the West Nile District of Uganda lives a population of white rhino—those relies of a past age, cumbrous, gentle creatures despite their huge bulk—which estimates only 10 years ago, put at 500. But poachers live in the area, too, and official counts showed that white rhino were being reduced alarmingly. By 1959, they were believed to be diminished to 300.

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