Heritage of Tatar Literature from the Aspect of Translation

The article presents the review of Tatar literature works and their translations into Russian and some other world languages. The Tatar literature has rich heritage, the first works of it (manuscripts) are dated back to the Middle Ages. The first printed works were published in the XVIII century as that time the Tatar language was the diplomatic language used in the communication between western and eastern countries. The time of XIX-XX centuries is considered to be the rise of the Tatar literature. Since that time the Tatar writers started writing their works in Russian that was caused by natural bilingualism established on the land of Tatarstan due to historical development. In the Soviet times the works of Tatar writers and poets written in Tatar were translated into Russian which is the intermediate language in the Russian Federation. After the collapse of the USSR Russia opened its boundaries and the number of translations of the Tatar writers works into Western and Eastern languages have been growing dramatically. Modern Tatar literature is continuing the traditions of the Tatar literature, the works of Tatar writers have been translating into foreign languages in order to present them to world community.

Возможности лингвистического анализа иноязычных вкраплений польского происхождения в лексике русского языка

The article is devoted to the problem of foreign language inclusions of Polish origin in the vocabulary of the Russian language. The main attention is paid to three linguistic analyzes (etymological, semantic and stylistic), which are presented on the basis of the created database of language data. Etymological analysis examines the inclusions of Polish origin according to their belonging to the Polish language as a source or intermediate language, semantic analysis pays attention to the distribution of Polish-language inclusions according to lexical and semantic groups, stylistic analysis classifies the inclusions of Polish origin according to their speech style.

SEL’KUP-KHAMNIGAN-BURYAT LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES

Статья описывает наличие самодийско-монгольских языковых контактов на примере нарицательной лексики селькупского, хамниганского говора бурятского языка и литературного бурятского языка. Обнаружились как лексические, так и семантические соответствия селькупских, хамниганских и бурятских слов, что наводит на необходимость постановки проблемы изучения природы данных соответствий, как в аспекте этноязыкового субстрата, так и в плане языковых заимствований как результата длительных контактов. Перспективным оказалось привлечение лексики из Хамниганско-русского словаря, составленного, в том числе, и на основе полевых записей известного бурятского просветителя Цыбена Жамцарано, изданных в виде сборника «Улигеры ононских хамниган» в1911 г. Т. н. «к-говор» хамниган позволяет предполагать, что этот говор представляет собой «промежуточный» язык или пространственно-временной предел в историческом развитии бурятского языка. К примеру, сопоставление хамниганского күбкэ(н), көбкө(н) ‘лесной мох’ и бурятского хубхээ(н) ‘мох’ обнаруживает чередование к- // х-, типичного и для селькупского қальдерқо ~ қальтырықо ‘ходить; бродить; бегать’ и бурятского халтирха ‘поскальзываться; скользить; кататься на санках’. При этом результаты исследования ономастической лексики Восточного Забайкалья позволяют обозначить все-таки субстратное начало селькупско-бурятских соответствий нарицательной лексики. В отечественной науке пока не разработана область межъязыковых диахронных контактов, которая смогла бы объяснить подобного рода соответствия в области лексики исследуемых языков. Промежуточным звеном средневековых этноязыковых параллелей, объясняющим попутно этногенетическое начало монголоязычных бурят, является т.н. «хамниганское» прошлое бурят, т. е. самодийское. Детальное изучение соответствий нарицательной лексики двух неродственных языков (что не исключает гипотезы урало-алтайского языкового союза) позволяет, во-первых, иметь в виду и наличие тюркоязычной основы как общей, возникшей преимущественно в средние века, во-вторых, подтверждает наличие типологически обусловленных языковых явлений как селькупского, так и бурятского языков в области фонологии и грамматики. The article describes the presence of Samoyed-Mongolian language contacts on the example of the common vocabulary of the Sel’kup, Khamnigan dialect of the Buryat language and the literary Buryat language. Both lexical and semantic correspondences of Sel’kup, Khamnigan and Buryat words were found. This suggests the problem of studying the nature of these correspondences, both in terms of the ethno-linguistic substrate and in terms of language borrowings as a result of long-term contacts. The lexica taken from the Khamnigan-Russian dictionary, compiled and being based on field records of well-known Buryat educator Tsyben Zhamtsarano’s collection of folklore texts “Sacred tales of the Ononsky khamnigans” in1911. We reveal the problem through phonological correlations. The so-called “K-speech” of Khamnigans suggests that this dialect represents the “intermediate” language, or the “space-time bor-der” in the historical development of the Buryat language. For example, a comparison of khamnigan kubke (n), kobko(n) ‘forest moss’ and Buryat khubhe(n) ‘moss’ reveals an alternation of k- // x-, typical for Sel’kup kalderko ~ kaltyryko ‘walk; wander; run’ and Buryat haltirkha ‘slip; slide; sledge’. The results of the Samoyedic onomastic substrate of Eastern Transbaikalia allow us to confirm thesis of the tribal names Samoyed and Khamnigan as one and the same onoma. We suppose the so-called “khamnigan” past of the Buryats, i. e. Samoyed, is an intermediate link, which simultaneously explains the ethnogenetic origin of the Mongolian-speaking Buryats. A detailed study of the correspondence of the common vocabulary of two unrelated languages (which does not exclude the hypothesis of the Ural-Altaic language union) allows, first, to keep in mind the presence of the Turkic-language basis as a common one, and secondly, confirms the presence of typologically determined linguistic phenomena of both Sel’kup and Buryat languages in the field of phonology and grammar.

Improving productivity in large scale testing at the compiler level by changing the intermediate language from C++ to Java

This paper is based on research results achieved by a collaboration between Ericsson Hungary Ltd. and the Large Scale Testing Research Lab of Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest. We present design issues and empirical observations on extending an existing industrial toolset with a new intermediate language1. Context: The industry partner’s toolset is using C/C++ as an intermediate language, providing good execution performance, but “somewhat long” build times, o ering a sub-optimal experience for users. Objective: In cooperation with our industry partner our task was to perform an experiment with Java as a different intermediate language and evaluate results, to see if this could improve build times. Method: We extended the mentioned toolset to use Java as an intermediate language. Results: Our measurements show that using Java as an intermediate language improves build times significantly. We also found that, while the runtime performance of C/C++ is better in some situations, Java, at least in our testing scenarios, can be a viable alternative to improve developer productivity. Our contribution is unique in the sense that both ways of building and execution can use the same source code as input, written in the same language, generate intermediate codes with the same high-level structure, compile into executables that are configured using the same files, run on the same machine, show the same behaviour and generate the same logs. Conclusions: We created an alternative build pipeline that might enhance the productivity of our industry partner’s test developers by reducing the length of builds during their daily work.

A novel framework for synthesizing nested queries in SQL from business requirements language

Different methods and systems were proposed in the past for translating Natural Language (NL) statements in to Structured Query Language (SQL) queries. Translating statements resultingin‘nested’queries havealways been a challenge and was not effectively handled. This work proposes a framework for translating requirement statementsresulting inthe construction of nested Queries. While translating nested scenarios; often thereis a need to create sub-queriesthat execute inpipeline orin parallel or both operating together.Lambda Calculus is found to be effective in representing the intermediate expressions and helps in performing the transformations that are needed in translating specific predicates into SQL, but its inflexibility in combining parallel computations is a constraint. To represent clauses that are in parallel or arein pipeline,and to perform the required transformationson theintermediate expressions involving these,more advancedprogramming constructs are needed.This work recommends the use of advanced language constructs and adoptsfunctional programming techniques for performing the required transformation at the intermediate language level.

A Modern Look at GRIN, an Optimizing Functional Language Back End

GRIN is short for Graph Reduction Intermediate Notation, a modern back end for lazy functional languages. Most of the currently available compilers for such languages share a common flaw: they can only optimize programs on a per-module basis. The GRIN framework allows for interprocedural whole program analysis, enabling optimizing code transformations across functions and modules as well. Some implementations of GRIN already exist, but most of them were developed only for experimentation purposes. Thus, they either compromise on low-level efficiency or contain ad hoc modifications compared to the original specification. Our goal is to provide a full-fledged implementation of GRIN by combining the currently available best technologies like LLVM, and evaluate the framework's effectiveness by measuring how the optimizer improves the performance of certain programs. We also present some improvements to the already existing components of the framework. Some of these improvements include a typed representation for the intermediate language and an interprocedural program optimization, the dead data elimination.

PHRASEOLOGISMS WITH ORIENTALISMS DENOTING A PERSON IN THE SPEECH OF BOSNIAN MUSLIMS

В статье рассматриваются фразеологические единицы боснийского языка с семантически однотипным компонентом-антропонимом ориентального происхождения. Анализируются как устаревшие фразеологизмы, так и активно употребляющиеся в наши дни. Ввиду обширности ориентализмов как особого генетического пласта южнославянской лексики в статье анализируются заимствования, называющие человека по таким параметрам, как интеллект, титул, административные и военные должности, род занятий и т. п., частотно употребляемые в повседневной речи славянских мусульман, проживающих в Боснии и Герцеговине.Заимствованию южнославянскими языками тематически разнообразных ориентализмов способствовали исторические события и языковые контакты. Итог пятивекового господства Османской империи на Балканском полуострове - заимствования из староосманского (старотурецкого) языка, являвшегося как языком-источником, так и (часто) языком-посредником, через который в южнославянские языки-реципиенты вошли арабизмы и персизмы. Помимо арабо-персидских элементов староосманский язык насыщен заимствованиями и из других языков. Под термином «турцизмы» обычно подразумевается лексика из староосманского, а не современного турецкого языка. Ориентальная лексика проникала в языки южных славян в основном через устный разговорный язык. В силу исторических причин наибольшее количество заимствований из турецкого языка в составе фразеологизмов наблюдается в Боснии и Герцеговине.В статье приводятся возможные культурологические и историко-этимологические комментарии к фразеологическим единицам, толкуется значение оборотов и компонентов, входящих в них. Фразеологизмы со структурой сравнения не рассматриваются. The article considers the Bosnian phraseological units with anthroponymic orientalisms. The authors deal with both outdated phraseological units and those that are actively used nowadays. Due to the vastness of orientalisms as a special genetic layer of South Slavic vocabulary, the authors analyze the expressions that denote a person in such aspects as intellect, title, position, occupation and etc., which Slavic Muslims (those living in Bosnia and Herzegovina) frequently use in their everyday speech. Historical events and language contacts contributed to the borrowing of thematically diverse orientalisms by the South Slavic languages. The five-century domination of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan Peninsula resulted in borrowings from the Old Ottoman (Old Turkish) language, which became both the source language and (often) the intermediate language through which Arabisms and Persisms entered the South Slavic recipient languages. In addition to the Arab-Persian elements, the old Ottoman language is rich in borrowings from other languages. The term Turkish usually refers to the vocabulary of the old Ottoman rather than the modern Turkish language. Oriental vocabulary penetrated into the languages of the southern Slavs mainly through oral spoken language. Due to historical reasons, the greatest number of borrowings from the Turkish language as a part of phraseological units is observed in Bosnia and Herzegovina.In addition to this, the authors give possible cultural, historical and etymological comments on phraseological units; show the meaning of the units and components of phraseological units. Phraseological units with a comparison structure are not considered.

The Main Germanic Dialects of Flanders

Introduction. The article reveals a complicated language situation in the Flemish region of Belgium - a progressing extinction of Germanic dialects, which are historically spread on this territory. Each dialectal group has its unique features, and the West-Flemish and Limburgish groups might have become grounds for particular languages.Methodology and sources. The methodological base consists in a complex approach, combining the comparative-historical and contrastive methods with the method of sociolinguistic interpretation. The investigation is conducted on the language material, collected from different dialectal dictionaries of Dutch, as well as from special linguistic papers on the language situation in Flanders.Results and discussion. The article represents a multiplicity of Germanic dialects, existing on the territory of modern Flanders. A short revue is given on lexical and grammatical peculiarities of four main dialectal groups, as well as on their peculiar phonetics. A special attention is, respectively, paid to the urban dialects of Antwerp, Gent, Bruges and Hasselt. There are analyzed some interferential phenomena, caused by the contact of the investigated dialects with Romanic and Germanic environment and occurring on all language levels - from phonetic to the syntactic ones. It has been suggested, that certain specific grammar forms in Flemish dialects may be result of phonetic interference. For Marols, which originally belongs to the group of Brabant dialects, the juncture between Germanic morphosyntactic structure and Roman lexis is discussed.Conclusion. For the last 20 years the percentage of persons, speaking the Germanic dialects of Flanders, has demonstrated a catastrophic decrease. Along with that, the main features of these dialects (mostly of the Brabant ones) have gone over to an intermediate language “tussentaal”, in both lexis and grammar. This language is being formed inbetween the Germanic dialects and Dutch; the latter is represented in the Flemish region by two variants – standard (common) Dutch and Belgian Dutch. The progressing decrease in the number of persons, speaking the autochthonous dialects of Flanders, is thoughtprovoking towards the exigency to fix the disappearing language variants through a strict scientific way.