Relanguaging Language from a South African Township School

Using data from a long-term ethnographic study of English language classrooms in a South African township, this book conceptualises language teaching not as a progression from one fixed language to another, but as a circular sorting process between linguistic heterogeneity (languaging) and homogeneity (a standard language).

ZOOINWEKTYWY W RÓŻNYCH ODMIANACH JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO I UKRAIŃSKIEGO

Appelatives having an insulting function have been used since the earliest times. Nowadays, they are present in standard language and in substandard types of language (sociolects). The aim of the article is to show that animal-related invectives are more and more frequently usedin order to express negative emotions towards the receiver. In Polish and Ukrainian, the number of animal-related invectives increases but also semantics of the words broaden as the meaning of those words originally referred to the name of a given animal. The lexemes were analyzed and divided into two groups: names of animals that have several meanings, but some of them overlap (pl. baran – ukr. бapaн, pl. cap – ukr. цaп, pl. krowa – ukr. кopoвa) and names that have completely different meanings in the two languages (pl. wydra – ukr. видpa, pl. larwa – ukr. ляpвa, pl. szakal – ukr. шaкaл).

Metalinguistic Activity of Wordplay Creator in Classroom Bilungual Dialogs

The article introduces the reader to the phenomenon of wordplay in the dialogues of classroom bilinguals with a high level of the English proficiency, who practice this foreign language either in classroom environment, or in real communication. It is emphasized that the dialogues around the facts of wordplay become the locus of metalinguistic utterances of the participants in this speech act. The purpose of this article is to identify the metalanguage utterances of the wordplay creator which open access to the creator’s metalanguage consciousness through the identification of his speech strategies. The novelty of the research is that a foreign language speech is used as the wordplay source, and the wordplay is equated with the phenomenon of the metalanguage nature. The author presents the concept of normema as a standard language unit of the target foreign language, which turns out to be a trigger for the creation of non-standard language units or igremas. It is noted that the wordplay creator uses both the purely formal and meaningful wordplay, and the non-standard language units created by him function as socially directed at a specific addressee. A detailed systematization of the creator’s metalanguage comments accompanying the wordplay input is given, namely, the linguistic and communicative comments, which demonstrates the metalanguage logic of constructing a speech act.

Analysis of Dialect in Minangkabau Language Between Padang and Sijunjung Dialect

Minangkabau people have many dialects, every region has one dialect. Padang and Sijunjung do not have same dialect. Padang city uses Minangkabau Language because this is a standard language eventhought they has many varieties dialect use in daily communication. Padang and Sijunjung, both of which are often called Minangkabau language, are different dialect rather than different dialect of one language because they are not mutually intelligible in their spoken form. The problems are the difference between phoneme in Padang and Sijunjung dialect and phonem deletion and additional in Padang and Sijunjung dialect. There are differences between phoneme of Padang dialect and Sijunjung dialect. The difference of phoneme can be seen in their vowels and consonants in several position of phoneme such as initial, medial and final.

Àkànlò-èdè Tuntun Nínú Àwọn Orin Ọ ̀ dọ ́ Ìwòyí

Àkaǹlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun je ̣ ́ ìpèdè tí Àkànmú (2016) pè ní ìsọ ìgbàlódé tí ìtumò wọn loorìn díè tí ó sì ṣàjèjì sí àwọn tí ó máa ń ṣe àmúlò àkànlò èdè ti ̣ - wa-n-tiwa tí ó ti wà te ̣ ́ lè . Ọ̣ ̀pòḷọpo ̣ ̀ ̀ iṣe ̣ ̣ ́ ìwádìí ní ó ti wà lórí ìṣàmúlò àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun nínú orin, fíìmù àgbéléwò, ìpolówó ọjà, ìròyìn, o ̣ ̀ nà ìbániso ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ nínú eré boòlù àfẹse ̣ ̣ ̀ gbá láàrin àwọn èrò ìwòran ní gbàgede ìwòran àti ìgbòkègbodò ọko ̣ ̀ ṣùgbó n kò fi bee ̣ ̀ sí iṣé tí ó jinle ̣ ̣ ̀ lórí ìjẹyọ àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun nínú orin tàka-súfèé òde òní èyí tó wo ̣ ́ po ̣ ̀ láàrin àwọn o ̣ ̀ do ̣ ́ . Akitiyan láti dí àlàfo yìí ní ó bí àpile ̣ ̀ kọ yìí. Tío ̣ ́ rì èdè ojoojúmó (̣ Standard Language Theory) tí Mukarovsky ṣe agbáterù re ̣ ̀ ni a fi ṣe àtúpalè àwọn àkànlò èdè Yorùbá ̣ tuntun tí á yè wò nínú bébà yìí nítorí pé ó lè ṣàlàyé ohun tí ó je ̣ ̣ ́ kí àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun yapa si èdè ojoojúmo ̣ ́ àti ohun tí ó ń fa ìyàtò gír ̣ íkì láàrin èdè ojoojúmó àti èdè ewì. A ṣe àṣàyàn o ̣ ̣ ̀ kọrin tàka-súfèé me ̣ ́ ta wonyi: Olátúnjí Ọládo ̣ ̀ tun À ̀làdé (Dotman), Azeez Fáṣọlá (Naira Marley) àti Oritse Fe ̣ ́ mi Má- je ̣ ̀ e ̣ ́ mite ̣ ́ Èkélè (Oritsa Fémi) nítorí pé àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun farahàn púpo ̣ ̀ nínú orin wọn. Nínú ìtúpalè wa ni ó ti hàn pé àwọn o ̣ ̣ ̀ kọrin tàka-súfèé òde-òní fe ̣ ́ ràn láti máa ṣe àmúlò àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun bí i ‘oúnjẹ ọmọ’ (fún obìnrin tí ó ní ọyàn ńlá èyí tí ó bù kún ẹwà a rè ), ‘je ̣ ̣ ̀ wà’ (s ̣ ̀ ewo ̣ ̀ n), ‘ojúẹle ̣ ́ gba’ (oluko, ará oko èèyàn tàbí ẹni tí ojú re ̣ ̀ dúdú), ‘gbé bo ̣ ́ dì ẹ’ (lo ọpọlọ tàbí ọgbo ̣ ́ n orí ẹ) àti ‘yàúyàhúù’ (àwọn tí ó ń fi e ̣ ̀ rọ ayélujára lu jìbìtì) ge ̣ ́ ge ̣ ́ bí o ̣ ̀ nà ìbániso ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ àti ìdánilárayá. A ṣe àmúlò àfiwé ẹle ̣ ́ lo ̣ ̀ o ̣ ́ fún ìṣe ̣ ̀ dá àwọn àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun tí ó jẹ yọ. Àfiwé ẹle ̣ ́ lò ọ ̣ ́ yìí náà ni ó bí ìsọdorúkọ, fìrósínròójẹ àti àwọn èròjà ìṣe ̣ ̀ dá o ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ mìíràn tí a lò nínú àpile ̣ ̀ kọ yìí. Ó hàn gbangba pé àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun rẹwà jù lọ fún ìbáraẹniso ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ , ṣíṣe àlàyé o ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ , àpèjúwe àti ìdárayá nínú orin tàka-súfèé

Problems of Spanish [z], [s], [c] Sounds Pronunciation in Teaching Standards of the Spanish Language as a Foreign

The present article considers linguistic norms and pronunciation standard of the Spanish language. It is shown that from the theoretical point of view the normative standards of dialectic variation of the Spanish language are considered. The problem of geographically diversified pronunciation standard of the Spanish consonant sounds is established. It is being noted that the unified standard language norm for all Spanish- speaking countries to be used in terms of teaching standards of the Spanish language as a foreign. The conclusion is made that knowledge of functioning particularities of the language system at cultural and social level is highly needed. In addition to that dialectic and accent variations of the Spanish language are to be taken into consideration

Analysis of Standardized Nursing Languages Application in the Context of Nursing Diagnosis in Hospital in Indonesia

Background. Documentation of nursing care is important in applying care to patients, in terms of their workload coming into the context of indirect nursing care. The focus of his study is to assess the application of nursing diagnoses in hospitals. The phenomenon that occurs in the order of nursing services was found that nurses only focused on documenting nursing assessments, but formulating nursing diagnoses was not clearly illustrated and there are still different perceptions in relation to writing a nursing diagnosis phrase. Objective. The purpose of this study is to identify the application of Standardized Nursing Languages in the context of nursing diagnoses in hospitals in Indonesia. Method. This study uses a descriptive correlation design using simple random sampling and obtained 132 nurse respondents. Closed questions (with answer choices prepared by the researcher) and open questions (in the form of frequently used diagnostic questions) were used. The instrument was first tested for validity and content validity with a CVI (0.9) and CVR (0.85) value, which means that the instrument is relevant and important to use. Results. It was found that almost half of the respondents (48.49%) nurses did not use a standard diagnosis. Only the level of education has a relationship with the application of the use of standard language nursing in Indonesia (p-value = 0.006) where the higher the education of nursing will have an impact on accuracy in diagnosing. Whereas for other variables such as gender, career ladder level and position in nursing were found no relationship with the ability in the accuracy of writing diagnoses. Conclussion. As the results shows that the use of the standard language of nursing is not fully used by nurses in Indonesia. Standardization and equalization of perception by nursing professional organizations are needed to be a guide for all nurses in carrying out documentation of nursing care

Die Rolle des Radiointerviews im Landeskundeunterricht Ein Mediascher in Paraguay

The tendency to apply media in regional studies for students of German as a foreign language (Deutsch als Fremdsprache, DaF) is no longer a novelty. Thus, we see media applied as such in multiple different forms, like videos, press releases, radio segments or online statements. This contribution is focused on the radio interview, as a constitutive part of the regional studies’ courses for DaF students of Germanistik in Romania. As a starting point serves the assumption, that the application of visual media can be enhanced through dialogue sequences, which further highlight the subject of the course. Through chosen interviews, that have been aired by the state channels, students can become familiar with such issues, that affect the German minority in Romania. The authenticity that is being sought for, will result from the primary situation of the interviewer and the interviewee communicating, as well as through the utilization of Rumäniendeutsch as the standard language of the German minority, living in Romania. Thus can cultural, social, historical and linguistic phenomena that are specific for the local German speaking population and that are (re)constructing the cultural inheritance of Germans in Romania, be regarded in greater detail.

Standard Georgian language: History and current challenges

This article outlines some debates and issues in the field of Georgian linguistics and offers a research agenda for standard Georgian language, including its history, phases of development, present-day challenges and prospects. There is a multitude of conflicting and even mutually exclusive ideas and points of view regarding these issues. My key point is to provide the periodization of the standard Georgian language that encompasses sixteen centuries, taking into consideration not only the level of normalization and standardization of the Georgian language in a particular historical period, but also the language variety on which the standard / literary language was based, and the institutions controlling and governing the development of the standard language. The point of departure here is the definition of the “standard” as a historically determined set of commonly used language assets, recognized by society as the most appropriate and prestigious variety due to its common usage and high cultural status. Using descriptive, synchronic, diachronic, and comparative research methods, I have tried to identify four phases / periods in the continuous history of the Georgian standard language spanning sixteen centuries.