scholarly journals ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНІ СИСТЕМИ: ПОСТ-ДЕКАРТОВЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕННЯ МЕТАЗНАНЬ

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-19
Author(s):  
Серій Ілліч Доценко
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Logical Model ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Knowledge Measure ◽  
The Subject

The main problem in the general problem of knowledge manipulation is the problem of determining the composition and content of the subject area for which this problem is being solved. It has been established that there are two fundamentally different approaches to solving knowledge manipulation problems. The first approach consists in the application of methods of automatic data processing using computers and corresponding algorithms based on the rules of formal logic to obtain new knowledge about objects in the subject area. For the first approach, the objects of the domain are precisely the physical objects of animate and inanimate nature in their existence, which have their characteristics and between which the corresponding relations are established. The second approach is to use the ability of the human intellect to measure things and their properties based on the laws of dialectical logic. The second approach is characterized by the cognition of knowledge about the activity of objects of living nature, primarily humans. In this case, computers are used, as a rule, to represent already established knowledge in an appropriate form. One such form of knowledge representation is a logical model of a Cartesian coordinate system. The analysis of this model has shown that the logical principle of its formation is the principle of the dialectical unity of the concepts of “general” and “unit”, which is used to form the composition and content of diametrically opposite coordinate axes from numerical sets. On the other hand, there are a significant number of logical models in which the composition and content of the elements of the sets that form the coordinate axes correspond to certain knowledge about human activity. These models also implement the principle of their formation in the form of a dialectical unity of the concepts of “general” “unit”, which is used to form the composition and content of diametrically opposite coordinate axes from the sets of which certain knowledge is. It should be noted that in each of the studied approaches to knowledge manipulation, the concept of “measure” is not applied. On the other hand, this concept is decisive in the formation of knowledge about human activities and their manipulation. The research of the properties of the logical model of the meta-knowledge measure has been carried out. For this model, the content of the concepts “measure of meta-knowledge”, “unit of measure of meta-knowledge” and “unit of measure of knowledge” is established. The graphical representation of the logical model of knowledge representation about human activity in the logical model of the meta-knowledge measure is the architecture of the matrix representation. The main advantage of this view is that it implements a many-to-many (M: N) relationship, which is prohibited in relational databases. The analysis of the level of compliance of the proposed logical model of the meta-knowledge measure with certain requirements for knowledge manipulation models is carried out. A high level of compliance with these requirements has been established. Taking into account the established properties of the architecture of the logical model of meta-knowledge, it is proposed to define this model in the form of a post-Descartes representation of meta-knowledge about the activity.

A Graphical Representation of Emotion as expressed in Rhythm

1897 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 90-92
Author(s):  
J. M. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Pitch ◽  
Analytical Treatment ◽  
English Verse ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject

An analysis of the versification of some of our nineteenth century poets has produced certain very interesting results that may be graphically represented. The subject of versification still demands more exact treatment, and any contributions which embody the results of real analytical treatment are of value.It is well known that the chief objection to our iambic measure, which is the normal English measure, is its tendency to produce a monotonous pendulum-like tick-tick. If, on the other hand, we employ anapæstic measure, the triple movement to every foot demands too much exertion of the tongue. English verse possessing the finest cadences lies between the two extremes of a pure iambic treatment and a pure anapæstic treatment.It may be laid down as a safe dictum that, in lyric verse at least, one anapaest in a line otherwise iambic constitutes it an anapæstic line. The poet who writes in iambics is not then free to introduce anapæsts. The expedient to which he will resort is a free use of the catch. We shall see that Gordon, in his exquisite ballad The Sick Stock-Rider, uses the catch, where emotion is at a high pitch, 13 times in 16 lines. A poet writing in anapæsts is free to use iambs where he will, and even the monosyllabic foot at the beginning of a line or after the cæsura. Browning, in his Abt Vogler, has actually one hexameter line (Stanza III. 1. 7) with only 5 unaccented syllables, or one less than an iambic line can have. It is the shortest line in the poem and is placed next to an 11-syllabled line, the longest line he uses.

Applied Anthropology in 1860

1942 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
H. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Applied Anthropology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Long Life

Much has been written of William Duncan, "the Apostle of Alaska", who came to the coast of northern British Columbia in 1857 as a missionary to the Tsimshian Indians. Although he deplored it, in the course of his sixty years' residence in this area controversy raged around him as a result of his clashes with church and state, and his work has been the subject of numerous investigations, both public and private. His enemies have called him a tyrant and a ruthless exploiter of the Indians under his control; and there are men still living who find a disproportionate amount of evil in the good that he did, especially during the declining years of his long life. On the other hand, he has had ardent and articulate supporters who have written numerous articles and no less than three books in praise of his self-sacrificing ideals and the soundness of his program for civilizing the Indian.

On Research and Other Matters

1922 ◽  
Vol 26 (140) ◽  
pp. 325-330
Author(s):  
S. Heckstall Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Air Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Stimulation Of

If the thought of another war troubles you, then don't read this article. If you would rather say to yourself as the Secretary of State said to the Air Conference, “ There won't be another war for ten years, so why worry? ” then no doubt you will think with him that it is better to let other nations have alk the bother and expense of trying to advance; after all, we are jolly fine fellows and can soon pick up. If, on the other hand, you have imagination which gives you a nasty queasy sensation when you think of what might be, then perhaps the following notes, albeit disjointed and mostly stale, may at least conjure up in you thoughts of your own on the subject. This is all that is needed to help, our advancement in the air–the stimulation of spoken and written thoughts by the British nation, for if every taxpayer in the British Empire says “ Air Force,” then the Press and Parliament will say it too.

An Archaic Vase with Representation of a Marriage Procession

1880 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 202-209
Author(s):  
Cecil Smith
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Greek Vases ◽  
The Subject

The vase which forms the subject of this memoir has been thought worthy of publication, both because it belongs to a type of which we have as yet but few examples, and also on account of the peculiar interest attaching to the design painted upon it. Its probable age can only be a matter of conjecture, as some of the vases of the class to which it belongs have been considered by archaeologists to be late imitations of the archaic, while on the other hand the internal evidence of the painting would seem to assign it to a place among the earliest class of Greek vases. It is figured on Plate VII.It is a circular dish with two handles, 3 inches high by 11¾ inches diameter, composed of a soft reddish clay of a yielding surface; the painting is laid on in a reddish brown, in some parts so thinly as to be transparent, and in other parts has rubbed away with the surface, so that it has acquired that patchy appearance generally characteristic of vase pictures of this type. The drawing, though crude and in parts almost grotesque, is executed with great spirit and freedom of style,—and thus could hardly have been the work of a late provincial artist—while in the shape of the column and of the wheel of the cart, in the prominent nose and chin which admit of no distinction between bearded and beardless faces, and in the angular contour of the human figures, we recognise features peculiar to an archaic period of art.

Productivity of French and Dutch (semi-)copular constructions and the adverse impact of high token frequency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niek Van Wettere
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Frequent Type ◽  
Token Frequency ◽  
Semantic Classes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Abstract This paper examines the productivity of the subject complement slot in a set of French and Dutch (semi-)copular micro-constructions. The presumed counterpart of productivity, conventionalization in the form of high token frequency, will also be taken into account in the analysis of the productivity complex. On the one hand, it will be shown that prototypical copulas generally have a higher productivity than semi-copulas, although there are some semi-copulas that can rival the productivity of prototypical copulas. On the other hand, it will be demonstrated that high token frequency is in general detrimental to productivity, on the level of the entire subject complement slot and on the level of the different semantic classes. However, the shape of the frequency distribution also seems to play a role: multiple highly frequent types are in my data more detrimental to productivity than one extremely frequent type, although the semantic connectedness of the types in the distribution might also be an explanatory factor.

The ‘Pistola’ of Cerveri de Girona

Traditio ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 161-185
Author(s):  
Kurt Lewent
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Love Affair ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Good Taste ◽  
Moral Argumentation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Troubadour Poetry

Cerveri was decidedly no poetical genius, and often enough he follows the trodden paths of troubadour poetry. However, there is no denying that again and again he tries to escape that poetical routine. In many cases these attempts result in odd and eccentric compositions, where the unusual is reached at the cost of good taste and poetical values. On the other hand, it must be admitted that Cerveri's efforts in this respect were not always futile. His is, e.g. an amusing satire upon bad women. One of his love songs, characteristically called libel by the MS (Sg), assumes the form of a complaint submitted to the king as the supreme earthly judge, in which the defendant is the lady whose charms torture the lover and have made him a prisoner. This poem combines the traditional praise of the beloved and a flattery addressed to the king. Its slightly humoristic tone is also found in a song entitled lo vers del vassayll leyal. Here Cerveri, basing himself on a certain legend connected with St. Mark, gives the king advice in his love affair. Again the poet kills two birds with one stone, flattering the sovereign and pointing, for obvious purposes, to his own poverty. The latter is the only topic of a remarkably personal poem in which the author complains bitterly that, while many of his playmates have become rich in later years, the only wealth he himself did amass were the chans gays and sonetz agradans which he composed for other people to enjoy. Cerveri even tries to renew the traditional genre of the chanson de la mal mariée by adding motifs of—presumably—his own invention. This tendency towards a more independent way of thinking and greater originality in its poetical presentation could not be better illustrated than by the two poems which the MS calls Lo vers de la terra de Preste Johan and Pistola The one puts the poet's moral argumentation against the background of the medieval legend of Prester John, the other, which forms the subject of the present study, sets its teachings in a still more solemn framework, the liturgy of the Mass.

On the want of a Middle Class Asylum in Sussex, with Suggestions how it may be established

1863 ◽  
Vol 8 (44) ◽  
pp. 465-482
Author(s):  
C. L. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Experience ◽  
Class A ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Care And Treatment

The subject which I am permitted to-night to bring before this Society is one I have long had at heart, and one which the daily experience of my practice at Hayward's Heath prevents my passing by merely on account of the difficulties which evidently attend the realisation of my hopes, should such an issue be granted to them. I refer to the want in our county of an asylum for the care and treatment of the insane of the middle class–a class with which, while separated by education and calling, we, in our profession, are, on the other hand, too often linked by the cominoli bond of narrow means and pressing daily cares.

A Propos De Ta Sa Fuqin Si-Le

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-257
Author(s):  
Robert Iljic
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Proper Noun ◽  
Intransitive Verb ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Accepted Standard ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Contemporary Chinese

The sentences of the type above mentioned are characterized, on the one hand, by the cooccurrence of bă with an intransitive verb, on the other hand, by the classifier ge following bă and introducing a noun relative to a unique referent. This type of sentence, quoted by most major contemporary Chinese grammars, and to be traced in baihuà texts, doesn't seem, nowadays, to pertain any longer to a universally accepted standard. This paper demonstrates that in these sentences, as in all bă constructions, bă actually marks a patient (even if the latter may be the subject-of an intransitive verb); besides, given its position before bă, a certain agentivity is always conferred to a noun in topic position, even if this agentivity, taken to its far end, boils down to the only desire of having been able to do something to prevent a given event (a point in case: the death of a father); finally, the function of ge before a proper noun or a noun semantically determined as unique, which can be found in some other sentences, isn't to count, that is, to indicate a quantity. but to emphasize the qualitative value of the noun (the father insofar as he is a father), the effect being to underline the value (price) that the speaker attaches to a given person or thing, hence the modal connotation ascribed to such sentences.

Faith and Goodness

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 167-191
Author(s):  
Eleonore Stump
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Religious Belief ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alvin Plantinga ◽  
Belief In God ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Richard Swinburne ◽  
The Relationship

Recent work on the subject of faith has tended to focus on the epistemology of religious belief, considering such issues as whether beliefs held in faith are rational and how they may be justified. Richard Swinburne, for example, has developed an intricate explanation of the relationship between the propositions of faith and the evidence for them. Alvin Plantinga, on the other hand, has maintained that belief in God may be properly basic, that is, that a belief that God exists can be part of the foundation of a rational noetic structure. This sort of work has been useful in drawing attention to significant issues in the epistemology of religion, but these approaches to faith seem to me also to deepen some long-standing perplexities about traditional Christian views of faith.

scholarly journals THE CRITICISM OF LITERALISM IN READING THE QUR'AN THROUGH NASR HAMID ABU ZAYD HERMENEUTICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naupal Naupal
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Hermeneutic Circle ◽  
Text Interpretation ◽  
Arab Culture ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Interpretation Process ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One

Abu Zayd believes that understanding the Qur'an is not limited to explanations or comments. It involves an interpretation process for capturing the significance (maghza) from the literal text. Interpretation also requires a presupposition that the Qur'an itself does not produce literal absolutes and certainty. The presupposition needs an interpretation that illustrates the possibility of accepting the diversity of Qur'anic interpretations in the times. By using Abu Zayd's hermeneutics, the Qur'an is an icon of Islam and at the same time a representation of Arab culture itself which is not necessarily literally absolute, but is open to interpretation. Hans Georg Gadamer's hermeneutic circle that inspired Hermeneutics of Abu Zayd emphasized that in understanding and applying the meanings of the text, the subject played a role in the text rather than the other way around. This study aims to open opportunities that the Qur'an on the one hand is an objective thing seen from the content of its truth, that is seen from its universal message, but on the other hand it is subjective, because it is bound by the interpretation of the text. This research is also intended to avoid the sacredness of the ordination of a single interpretation of the Qur'an which has resulted in the emergence of fundamentalism which has recently become so prevalent in global Islamic societies, not least in Indonesia.

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