THE INFLUENCE OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY ON ISLAMIC CULTURE AL-TAWHIDI IS A MODEL

The East, with its ontological history, is full of religions, and the spirituality of the eastern mind is evident in its love for the literature of proverbs and wisdom that it was able to formulate, and its sanctification of the word is only due to its magical impact on himself; It is his consolation for his painful reality! It deals with its concepts and religious and worldly matters, and that he did not digest Greek philosophy until after the writers presented it with short sentences with wise meanings from the sayings of its philosophers! It is known that wisdom and proverbs are advice, guidance, advice and exhortation, expressing a subjective experience, length of contemplation and insight into life matters, and they often have moral dimensions and that they are suitable for all human societies in a time and place. The concept of culture is so complex that it includes all human aspects. Speaking about the impact of Greek culture on Arab culture or even the presence of multiple connections, it stems from the phenomenon of influence and influence. Greek philosophy was mixed with Islamic thought and culture in the Abbasid era in general, and Arabic literature in general. In particular, it became one of the tools of expression, and the Greek philosophical culture penetrated into the Arab culture (its terms, concepts and sayings of its philosophers) until it spread in its three types: pure philosophical culture, literary philosophy, and philosophical literature. Islamic Society As the names of Greek philosophers gained popularity among members of society in all its classes! The research focused on the issue of the impact of Muslim writers on the dissemination of Greek philosophical culture in the Abbasid era, taking from Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi (d. 414 AH / 1023 AD) as a model; Although al-Tawhidi was not unique in mixing literature with philosophy; But it is a typical example of the writers of the Abbasid era who were influenced by Greek philosophy and whose literary culture was mixed with Greek philosophy. Greek philosophy has spread among members of the Islamic community by publishing the wisdom, proverbs and sayings of Greek philosophers and scientists. The research was divided into three sections that dealt with the first topic: the relationship between literature and philosophy, while the second topic: the reasons for monotheistic influence on Greek philosophy, and the third topic: it follows the impact of Greek philosophy with the works of monotheism.

THE ROLE OF THE DIVAN CLERKS AND POLITICAL LETTERS IN THE ‎DEVELOPMENT OF THE I. ABBASID PERIOD LITERATURE PROSE. AHMED BIN ‎YOUSSEF'S ALHAMIS RESSALA AS AN EXAMPLE‎

Divan Scribe is a very old profession and it is said that it was one of the highest and most ‎respected statures among worldly affairs, after the caliphate, when their positions in the state policy ‎and judicial affairs are taken into account. Most of the time, the profession of the Divan Scribe was ‎an important step to enter politics, as well as an important tool for reaching high positions such as ‎Vizier. In general, Divan Scribes had a special role serving the Arab culture during the Abbasid ‎period. Because the writing style of the Scribes had both lofty ideas and beautiful expression. As a ‎matter of fact, as required by their statures, these people developed a dual-character expression that ‎both emphasized the goals of the orders given from the administration and had the characteristics of ‎Arabic rhetoric in the literal sense of the word. Their language was not a dry administrative ‎language, on the contrary, it had brought together the requirements of the administrative language ‎and the artistic beauties of the word. This study sheds light on the relations of the Divan Scribes ‎with politics and the importance of this position during the Abbasid period. Again, in this study, the ‎connection of the art of scribe with the vizier and the contributions of the scribes in service to the ‎Arab-Islamic culture and especially in political thought are discussed despite the political crisis and ‎troubles faced by the scribes.‎

GENERAL LINGUISTIC DICTIONARY DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

The first antecedents in the service of the language of the Holy Qur'an were serious about learning, teaching and compilation. They exerted extraordinary efforts that reflected an organized mentality, sincerity and unparalleled dedication which impressed the whole world. These efforts included the linguistic part of the language, its morphology, phonetics and dictionary, and they have in each aspect fruitful studies and precedent and informed opinions. There are several aspects that have contributed to the admission of linguistics into modern Arab culture. Of these, sending Arab scholarships to western universities; conducting university studies and thesis by Arab students in European and American universities; establishing a special section in linguistics in some Arab universities; the emergence of linguistic writings known as modern linguistics; the emergence of Arabic translations of some linguistic articles; the organization of local and international scientific seminars and meetings in the field of linguistics; and the establishment of self-list specialties in general linguistics. However, it is no wonder that others add up to the achievements of the antecedents of theories that deal with linguistic studies, and extract meanings from beyond the linguistic text, all of which is related to the renaissance witnessed by other sciences in the modern era, and which linguists have benefited from in the linguistic field. Some linguists have collected the terms that have emerged from modern linguistic literature, who have varied in their approaches in arranging these terms. I have chosen five of these general linguistic dictionaries and addressed them in description and analysis, indicating the differences amongst them and what distinguishes each from others.

Landmarks from the Heritage of the Moroccan Thinker, Mohamed Abed Al-Jabri

Muhammad Abed Al-Jabri (1935-2010) is one of the significant philosophical and scientific figures who left their strong and broad imprint in various fields of contemporary Arab culture. Al-Jabri created his philosophy towards various aspects of Arab history. This included philosophy, theology, politics, ethics, and other aspects. His philosophical works culminated in his famous book on "The Arab Mind," in which he dealt with "The Structure of the Arab Mind" and supplemented it with his famous book - "Critique of the Arab Mind." The article's primary task is limited to addressing the intellectual path of Al-Jabri by tracing what he wrote and the content of these works. Besides, in this article, what Al-Jabri wrote is arranged in chronological order in order to clarify the features of the general and particular course of his philosophical creativity. It is a necessary task for scientific research in his philosophy. It provides the reader and researcher with the complete basic set of his books.

‘The Samaritan Hexameron’ as an Arab-Muslim Anthropological Manifesto: Reading of the first Chapters of Ṣadaqah al-Ḥakīm’s Commentary on Genesis

The offered to the reader article analyzes the first chapters of monumental commentary by Ṣadaqah b. Munajjā al-Ḥakīm on Genesis (XIII c.). On the base of the conducted analysis of the Middle Age Arab-speaking theologian, philosopher and doctor, the author comes to the conclusion that Samaritan thought depends on the most important achievements of Muslim one — especially, on Mu‘talizi and peripatetic natural- philosophical and metaphysical theories that don’t become less of an issue until the decline of classical era of Arab culture. For the first time in the history of orientalism it is shown that the basic principles of anthropological theories by al- Hakim retroduce the conceptions by Mu‘tazili Mu‘ammar ibn ‘Abbād alSulamī, faylasuf al- Kindī and ‘the Main Sheikh’, Ibn Sīnā. Separately is observed the connection between the ‘Hexameron’ by Ṣadaqah and works by other Samaritan theologians: the author notices that some particular anthropological notes by the theologian made a basis for an unpublished commentary by Muslim ibn Murjān and Ibrāhīm al-‘Ayyah (XVIII c.) on ‘Grizim’s’ Pentateuch. The conclusion of the work is dedicated to the general eclectic character of early and late exegetic tradition of Samaritan who accepted Muslim study of God and human as the most important for them.

Ibsen’s Arab Journey

This article sheds light on the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen’s interest in Egypt and the Arab world. It underscores the influence of his tour in Egypt during the opening of the Suez Canal on his works, drawing on the theoretical underpinnings established by Edward W. Said. The study foregrounds Ibsen’s correspondence, plays, and other works that include references to his two-month stay in Egypt and to his encounter with the Arab culture. Ibsen’s references validate the Western stereotyping and ideology that have influenced a wide array of Western writers in the ways they misrepresent and misinterpret the Arab culture, and concomitantly other references mirror a personal force of admiration. Additionally, the article discusses the idea that Ibsen’s sojourn in Egypt did not alter his viewpoint of the Arab culture in general and the Egyptian one in particular which is markedly controlled by the Western stereotyped image of Arabs and their culture.

Translator-oriented Translation Criticism: The Case of Roger Allen’s Translation of Khan al-Khalili

Situated within translator studies, the present paper adopts Berman’s (1995) translator-oriented approach to translation criticism to analyze the English translation of Naguib Mahfouz’s Khan al-Khalili by Roger Allen. The paper analyzes two sets of data related not only to the translated novel but also to the translator as a cultural agent. The first set includes a collection of paratexts produced by Allen, including articles, interviews, introductions, and afterwords. The second set of data includes the Arabic and English versions of Khan al-Khalili. The paratextual data was analyzed to reveal Allen's translating position, horizon, and project, while the second set was analyzed to reveal the extent to which Allen's project is aligned with his translation of Khan al-Khalili. The result of the analysis revealed that Allen’s project is aligned with his translation, which produced a foreignized version of the novel that introduces the reader to Arab culture. Keywords: Translation Criticism, Translator Studies, Roger Allen, Arabic Literature in Translation, Naguib Mahfouz.