scholarly journals Evaluation of driver visual demand at different traffic volumes on complex two-dimensional multi-lane highway alignments.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Kadoury
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Highway Design ◽  
Geometric Characteristics ◽  
The Road ◽  
Complex Curves ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Process Output ◽  
Design Consistency ◽  
Crucial Part

This research focuses on evaluating driver visual demand at different traffic volumes along with geometric design features for two-dimensional (2D) multi-lane highways consisting of horizontal and vertical alignments which is a crucial part of highway design consistency research. Three such alignments, with simple and complex curves were designed to generate desired traffic volume levels. A driving simulator was used to collect date from twenty drivers that participated in roadway alignment experiments at Ryerson University. Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) was used to analyze and process output data. Models were developed for visual demand and volume/capacity ratios, and geometric characteristics of the road, where visual demand was the only dependent variable. The research found that a relationship exists between visual demand and different traffic volumes along with geometric characteristics of the road.

scholarly journals Evaluation of driver visual demand at different traffic volumes on complex two-dimensional multi-lane highway alignments.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Kadoury
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Highway Design ◽  
Geometric Characteristics ◽  
The Road ◽  
Complex Curves ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Process Output ◽  
Design Consistency ◽  
Crucial Part

This research focuses on evaluating driver visual demand at different traffic volumes along with geometric design features for two-dimensional (2D) multi-lane highways consisting of horizontal and vertical alignments which is a crucial part of highway design consistency research. Three such alignments, with simple and complex curves were designed to generate desired traffic volume levels. A driving simulator was used to collect date from twenty drivers that participated in roadway alignment experiments at Ryerson University. Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) was used to analyze and process output data. Models were developed for visual demand and volume/capacity ratios, and geometric characteristics of the road, where visual demand was the only dependent variable. The research found that a relationship exists between visual demand and different traffic volumes along with geometric characteristics of the road.

scholarly journals Evaluation of driver visual demand at different design speeds on complex two-dimensional rural highway alignments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Muneeb
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Geometric Design ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Highway Design ◽  
Complex Curves ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
Design Speed ◽  
Design Consistency ◽  
Demand Profile

Road crashes are a major cause of loss of human life, property and money throughout the world. One of the reasons behind these crashes is the interaction between drivers and road alignments. The need to understand the factors that affect drivers has become obvious and is now being addressed by researchers. Moreover, driver workload is gaining attention as a measure of highway-design consistency as it directly reveals design features to the driver. This research focuses on evaluating driver visual demand at different design speeds along with other geometric design features for two-dimensional rural horizontal roadway alignments. Twelve such alignments having simple and complex curves were designed following the standards of the American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Transportation Association of Canada (TAC). The driver simulator at Ryerson University, Toronto, recently modified after the integration of a car, was used for the simulation of roadway alignments. Scenario Definition Language (SDL) was used to develop Event files for simulation and to save the required data. Twelve drivers drove the simulated alignments. The output data relating to driver visual demand were processed using MS Notepad and MS Excel. The visual demand calculations for full-element length (VDF), half-element length (VDH) and the first 30 m of element length (VD30) for curve and tangent sections of alignments were done using MS Excel. Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) was used to anlayze and develop models for VDF, VDH and VD30 for curve and tangent sections, first considering design speed only as explanatory variable and then considering design speed along with other geometric design characteristics as explanatory variables. It has been observed that visual demand increases with the increase in design speed. Besides, the combined effect of design speed an other geometric design characteristics (e.g., the type of preceding element, the turning direction of a curve) has significant effect on visual demand. It was also found that visual demand followed a Log Normalized distribution which was also observed by previous research. The developed models were used to establish the visual demand profile for highway design consistency evaluation. The comparison of visual demand profile and operating speed profile has shown that the visual demand can be an acceptable measure for evaluating the highway design consistency.

scholarly journals Evaluation of driver visual demand at different design speeds on complex two-dimensional rural highway alignments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Muneeb
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Geometric Design ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Highway Design ◽  
Complex Curves ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
Design Speed ◽  
Design Consistency ◽  
Demand Profile

Road crashes are a major cause of loss of human life, property and money throughout the world. One of the reasons behind these crashes is the interaction between drivers and road alignments. The need to understand the factors that affect drivers has become obvious and is now being addressed by researchers. Moreover, driver workload is gaining attention as a measure of highway-design consistency as it directly reveals design features to the driver. This research focuses on evaluating driver visual demand at different design speeds along with other geometric design features for two-dimensional rural horizontal roadway alignments. Twelve such alignments having simple and complex curves were designed following the standards of the American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Transportation Association of Canada (TAC). The driver simulator at Ryerson University, Toronto, recently modified after the integration of a car, was used for the simulation of roadway alignments. Scenario Definition Language (SDL) was used to develop Event files for simulation and to save the required data. Twelve drivers drove the simulated alignments. The output data relating to driver visual demand were processed using MS Notepad and MS Excel. The visual demand calculations for full-element length (VDF), half-element length (VDH) and the first 30 m of element length (VD30) for curve and tangent sections of alignments were done using MS Excel. Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) was used to anlayze and develop models for VDF, VDH and VD30 for curve and tangent sections, first considering design speed only as explanatory variable and then considering design speed along with other geometric design characteristics as explanatory variables. It has been observed that visual demand increases with the increase in design speed. Besides, the combined effect of design speed an other geometric design characteristics (e.g., the type of preceding element, the turning direction of a curve) has significant effect on visual demand. It was also found that visual demand followed a Log Normalized distribution which was also observed by previous research. The developed models were used to establish the visual demand profile for highway design consistency evaluation. The comparison of visual demand profile and operating speed profile has shown that the visual demand can be an acceptable measure for evaluating the highway design consistency.

Safety Performance Assessment of Connected Vehicles in Mitigating the Risk of Secondary Crashes: A Driving Simulator Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110278
Author(s):  
Sherif M. Gaweesh ◽  
Arash Khoda Bakhshi ◽  
Mohamed M. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Safety Performance ◽  
Operating Speed ◽  
Connected Vehicle ◽  
The Road ◽  
Adverse Weather Conditions ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Secondary Crashes

Traffic crashes can be divided into primary and secondary crashes. Secondary crashes occur as a consequence of primary crashes within their spatiotemporal distances. Secondary crashes comprise nearly 20% of all crashes and 18% of fatal crashes, in which they can possibly have a higher crash severity than the primary crash. Interstate-80 in Wyoming is a major rural corridor with a high freight traffic volumes. The Federal Highway Administration selected Wyoming in which to deploy connected vehicle (CV) technology with a focus on commercial truck safety. Distress and rerouting applications were among the suite of CV pilot applications. Very few studies have investigated the safety performance of CVs in mitigating the risk of secondary crashes on heavy trucks, more specifically under adverse weather conditions. This study filled this gap by conducting a driving simulator experiment to assess the effectiveness of CV distress and rerouting applications in mitigating the effects of secondary crashes. A total of 23 truck drivers were recruited to this study. The analysis was conducted on the vehicle kinematics obtained from the driving simulator. A CV and a nonCV scenario were designed to compare the participants’ driving behavior under adverse weather conditions. The results showed that the tested CV applications succeeded in enhancing driving behaviors by reducing the operating speed as well as the speed variation, and all the participants avoided a secondary crash in the CV environment. In addition, the distress notification coupled with the road closure reduced the average operating speed by 26% from the provided speed limit.

Evaluation of driver visual demand in complex two dimensional rural highway alignments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandi D Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Complex Curves ◽  
Demand Information ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Highway Alignment ◽  
Lateral Positioning

Transportation has proven to be one of the most important infrastructures in the economic development of any country. Safe and effective traffic operations support growth of the economy and help in future developments. Highway alignment design plays a crucial role in implementing safer traffic operation and management. Road accidents not only jeopardize safety, but also have a major effect on the national economy. These accidents can be divided in three classes, grouped according to their severity. Statistics in North America and Europe show that one of the major reasons for such road accidents is driver error. Wrong decisions during navigation may be the primary reason for such errors. Wrong decisions occur when a driver is unable to process the range of visual information available in a complex highway situation. Drivers need to have sufficient visual information in guiding and controlling vehicles along the correct path. Drivers scan the roadway to collect visual information. This visual information consists mainly of the traffic situation, roadway signs, and the information from the highway alignment itself. The information from the highway alignment plays a major role in decision-making during maneuvering. All drivers, therefore, need sufficient visual information for perfect navigating, and for guiding and controlling their vehicles on the road. The main focus of this research study was on evaluating visual demands on two-dimensional highway alignments with an emphasis on determining the effect of complex curves on visual demand. Complex curves are defined as combinations of simple, compound, and reverse curves in a series. Eighteen hypothetical alignments for two-lane rural highways have been developed following the standard guidelines of the Transportation Association of Canada (TAC) and American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO). These alignments were simulated in a low-cost driving simulator. A series of experiments was carried out using the visual occlusion method. Nine subject drivers drove in the simulator, and the output data related to visual demand information and positioning of the subject vehicle were connected. The data relating to visual demand information and lateral positioning on curves and tangents were processed using Microsoft ExceFM and analyzed using SAS, a statistical software. The turning directions, characteristics of preceding elements, and the combination of curve to curve, tangent to curve, or curve to tangent have been considered as nominal variables and analyzed as independent variables with visual demand. It has been observed that visual demand varies widely with the inverse of radius of curvature of the preceding and current elements, and the characteristics of the combination of the current and the preceding element. Visual demand also varies on identical tangents, depending on the deflection angle, inverse of radius, and turning direction of the preceding curve. The standard deviation of lateral positioning of the subject vehicle was evaluated with respect to the centre-line of the driving lane. This was supposed to have a considerable impact on visual demand evaluation, but it has been observed that this does not bear any significant relationship to visual demand. In addition to curves, tangents, as preceding elements have an immense impact on visual demand evaluation on following curves. Besides, visual demand on tangents has also been observed as highly dependent on the preceding curve and their turning directions.

Continuous Speed Profiles to Investigate Drivers' Behavior on Two-Lane Rural Highways

2015 ◽  
Vol 2521 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Montella ◽  
Francesco Galante ◽  
Filomena Mauriello ◽  
Massimo Aria
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
Small Radius ◽  
Operating Speed ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Highway Design ◽  
Rural Highways ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
Design Consistency

To improve highway design consistency, several studies developed operating speed prediction models and investigated drivers' speed behavior. Most existing models are based on spot speed data that assume constant operating speed throughout the horizontal curves and occurrence of acceleration and deceleration only on tangents. To overcome limitations associated with existing models, this study investigated continuous speed profiles with an experiment that used a high-fidelity dynamic-driving simulator on a two-lane highway. A piecewise linear regression model and locally weighted regression scatter-plot smoothing were used to remove noise in the data set while preserving underlying patterns and to identify significant changes in the speed profile. Based on the smoothed speed profiles, models to predict operating speed in curves and in tangents, deceleration and acceleration rates to be used in the operating speed profiles, and starting and ending points of constant operating speed in curve were developed. Radius of the curve notably affected not only the operating speed in the curve but also the operating speed of the tangent following the curve: the smaller the radius, the lower the operating speed of the exit tangent. Both acceleration and deceleration rates increased with curvature. This study found that operating speed was not constant along curves. On small radius curves, deceleration ended close to the center of the curve, and acceleration starts, close to the end of the curve. Increasing the curve radius, the end point of deceleration moves toward the curve's beginning, whereas the start of acceleration moves toward the center of the curve.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Driver Visual Demand on Three-Dimensional Rural Highway Alignments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Long He
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Highway Design ◽  
K Value ◽  
Rural Highways ◽  
State Highway ◽  
Demand Models ◽  
Driver Workload ◽  
Design Consistency

This research focuses on evaluating driver visual demand on three-dimensional (3D) highway alignments consisting of combined horizontal and vertical alignments which is an important part of highway design consistency research. Using a driving simulator, ten hypothetical 2D and 3D alignments for two-lane rural highways were developed, following the standard guidelines of the Transportation Association of Canada (TAC) and the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Fifteen driver subjects drove in the simulator. The data relating to visual demand information were processed and analysed using Microsoft Excel and SAS statistical software. The results indicated that visual demand on 3D curves varies widely with the inverse of radius of horizontal curvature and the inverse of K value of vertical curvature. Age played another important role on visual demand. Models for evaluating visual demand on 3D highway alignments were developed for curves and tangents. The models developed in this study have been applied to horizontal and 3D alignments to carry out a design consistency evaluation. In addition, GIS virtual reality technique was applied to present the visual demand results for a real highway on the 3D visualization model. 3D visualization not only offers a better understanding of driver workload along the highway, but also represents an important tool to effectively manage information.

scholarly journals Evaluation of driver visual demand in complex two dimensional rural highway alignments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandi D Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Complex Curves ◽  
Demand Information ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Highway Alignment ◽  
Lateral Positioning

Transportation has proven to be one of the most important infrastructures in the economic development of any country. Safe and effective traffic operations support growth of the economy and help in future developments. Highway alignment design plays a crucial role in implementing safer traffic operation and management. Road accidents not only jeopardize safety, but also have a major effect on the national economy. These accidents can be divided in three classes, grouped according to their severity. Statistics in North America and Europe show that one of the major reasons for such road accidents is driver error. Wrong decisions during navigation may be the primary reason for such errors. Wrong decisions occur when a driver is unable to process the range of visual information available in a complex highway situation. Drivers need to have sufficient visual information in guiding and controlling vehicles along the correct path. Drivers scan the roadway to collect visual information. This visual information consists mainly of the traffic situation, roadway signs, and the information from the highway alignment itself. The information from the highway alignment plays a major role in decision-making during maneuvering. All drivers, therefore, need sufficient visual information for perfect navigating, and for guiding and controlling their vehicles on the road. The main focus of this research study was on evaluating visual demands on two-dimensional highway alignments with an emphasis on determining the effect of complex curves on visual demand. Complex curves are defined as combinations of simple, compound, and reverse curves in a series. Eighteen hypothetical alignments for two-lane rural highways have been developed following the standard guidelines of the Transportation Association of Canada (TAC) and American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO). These alignments were simulated in a low-cost driving simulator. A series of experiments was carried out using the visual occlusion method. Nine subject drivers drove in the simulator, and the output data related to visual demand information and positioning of the subject vehicle were connected. The data relating to visual demand information and lateral positioning on curves and tangents were processed using Microsoft ExceFM and analyzed using SAS, a statistical software. The turning directions, characteristics of preceding elements, and the combination of curve to curve, tangent to curve, or curve to tangent have been considered as nominal variables and analyzed as independent variables with visual demand. It has been observed that visual demand varies widely with the inverse of radius of curvature of the preceding and current elements, and the characteristics of the combination of the current and the preceding element. Visual demand also varies on identical tangents, depending on the deflection angle, inverse of radius, and turning direction of the preceding curve. The standard deviation of lateral positioning of the subject vehicle was evaluated with respect to the centre-line of the driving lane. This was supposed to have a considerable impact on visual demand evaluation, but it has been observed that this does not bear any significant relationship to visual demand. In addition to curves, tangents, as preceding elements have an immense impact on visual demand evaluation on following curves. Besides, visual demand on tangents has also been observed as highly dependent on the preceding curve and their turning directions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Driver Visual Demand on Three-Dimensional Rural Highway Alignments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Long He
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Highway Design ◽  
K Value ◽  
Rural Highways ◽  
State Highway ◽  
Demand Models ◽  
Driver Workload ◽  
Design Consistency

This research focuses on evaluating driver visual demand on three-dimensional (3D) highway alignments consisting of combined horizontal and vertical alignments which is an important part of highway design consistency research. Using a driving simulator, ten hypothetical 2D and 3D alignments for two-lane rural highways were developed, following the standard guidelines of the Transportation Association of Canada (TAC) and the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Fifteen driver subjects drove in the simulator. The data relating to visual demand information were processed and analysed using Microsoft Excel and SAS statistical software. The results indicated that visual demand on 3D curves varies widely with the inverse of radius of horizontal curvature and the inverse of K value of vertical curvature. Age played another important role on visual demand. Models for evaluating visual demand on 3D highway alignments were developed for curves and tangents. The models developed in this study have been applied to horizontal and 3D alignments to carry out a design consistency evaluation. In addition, GIS virtual reality technique was applied to present the visual demand results for a real highway on the 3D visualization model. 3D visualization not only offers a better understanding of driver workload along the highway, but also represents an important tool to effectively manage information.

scholarly journals Measurements of urban traffic parameters before and after road reconstruction

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-376
Author(s):  
Andrzej Bąkowski ◽  
Leszek Radziszewski
Keyword(s):  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Noise Model ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
The Road ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
National Road ◽  
The City ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract The study analyzed the parameters of vehicle traffic and noise on the national road in the section in the city from 2011 to 2016. In 2013–2014 this road was reconstructed. It was found that in most cases, the distribution of the tested variable was not normal. The median and selected percentiles of vehicle traffic parameters and noise were examined. The variability and type A uncertainty of the results were described and evaluated. The results obtained for the data recorded on working and non-working days were compared. The vehicle cumulative speed distributions, for two-way four-lane road segments in both directions were analyzed. A mathematical model of normalized traffic flow has been proposed. Fit factor R2 of the proposed equations to the experimental data for passenger vehicles ranges from 0.93 to 0.99. It has been shown that two years after the road reconstruction, the median noise level did not increase even though traffic volumes and vehicle speeds increased. The Cnossos noise model was validated for data recorded over a period of 6 years. A very good agreement of the medians determined according to the Cnossos-EU model and the measured ones was obtained. It should be noted, however, that for the other analyzed percentiles, e.g. 95%, the discrepancies are larger.

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