scholarly journals The Impact Mechanism between the Incentive to Hold Financial Assets, Financial Risk and Innovation Activities

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Risk ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Impact Mechanism ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Influence Factors of Spatial Distribution of Urban Innovation Activities Based on Ensemble Learning: A Case Study in Hangzhou, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiwu Wang ◽  
Nina Liu ◽  
Yichen Ruan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Impact Mechanism ◽  
Location Selection ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Innovation Space ◽  
Ensemble Algorithms ◽  
The Impact

Innovation is an inevitable way for cities to achieve sustainable development. The occurrence of innovation activities is a complex systemic behavior. Its spatial distribution has some location selection laws, which are the result of interaction and feedback between various spatial influence factors. We explain the impact mechanism from the microscale using a street unit in a city. Hangzhou was selected as a case study. First, we systematically selected factors influencing the spatial distribution of innovation activities as the independent variable based on the demands of innovation subjects. Patents were used as the dependent variable to represent the spatial distribution of innovation activities. Second, ensemble algorithms (Boosting) were used to analyze the influence contribution of independent variables to dependent variables. Then, based on the aspects of innovation driving force, which are innovation resources and innovation environments, relevant factors were divided into the following seven categories: innovation industry concentration, knowledge intensity, innovative talent resources, service facilities, external transportation convenience, public transportation convenience, and ecological environment. We interpreted the impact mechanism and made corresponding suggestions for urban innovation space planning.

Financial Risks of the Bank: Assessment and Mechanism of Neutralization

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Nelia Volkova ◽  
◽  
Alina Mukhina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Banking Institution ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction. The issue of financial risk management of commercial banks is quite relevant today, because the activity of banks is the most risky of all. The presence of risks in banking can lead to unexpected losses, namely the loss of own resources. That’s why for the stable operation of the bank without loss the priority is to assess the financial risks, which is the basis for their further neutralization. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop conceptual provisions for assessment financial risks and justifying the need to neutralize them. Results. The article analyzes the impact of risks on the financial stability of a banking institution. The main methods of bank risk assessment are considered. All these include the statistical method, the analytical method, the expert method, the analogue method and the combined method. The necessity of neutralization of financial risks in order to avoid negative consequences is substantiated. Also the methods of bank risks neutralization are considered. It should be noted that these methods of neutralization can not only be used, but also supplement the list with new methods must be done, which in the future will protect the bank from the influence of undesirable factors. A conceptual approach to the assessment and neutralization of financial risks is proposed. This conceptual approach aims to ensure effective assessment of the level of risk with their subsequent neutralization Conclusions. Use of a conceptual approach will allow an effective risk assessment and decision-making to avoid or accept risk. Thanks to using this approach, the banking institution will be able to react swiftly to the presence of financial risks and to prevent the occurrence of negative consequences, which may lead to a violation of the financial stability of the bank.

scholarly journals How Risky Is That Risk Sharing Agreement? Mean-Variance Tradeoffs and Unintended Consequences of Six Common Risk Sharing Agreements

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 238146832199040
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Zaric
Keyword(s):  
Risk Sharing ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Drug Costs ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Total Drug ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Variance

Background. Pharmaceutical risk sharing agreements (RSAs) are commonly used to manage uncertainties in costs and/or clinical benefits when new drugs are added to a formulary. However, existing mathematical models of RSAs ignore the impact of RSAs on clinical and financial risk. Methods. We develop a model in which the number of patients, total drug consumption per patient, and incremental health benefits per patient are uncertain at the time of the introduction of a new drug. We use the model to evaluate the impact of six common RSAs on total drug costs and total net monetary benefit (NMB). Results. We show that, relative to not having an RSA in place, each RSA reduces expected total drug costs and increases expected total NMB. Each RSA also improves two measures of risk by reducing the probability that total drug costs exceed any threshold and reducing the probability of obtaining negative NMB. However, the effects on variance in both NMB and total drug costs are mixed. In some cases, relative to not having an RSA in place, implementing an RSA can increase variability in total drug costs or total NMB. We also show that, for some RSAs, when their parameters are adjusted so that they have the same impact on expected total drug cost, they can be rank-ordered in terms of their impact on variance in drug costs. Conclusions. Although all RSAs reduce expected total drug costs and increase expected total NMB, some RSAs may actually have the undesirable effect of increasing risk. Payers and formulary managers should be aware of these mean-variance tradeoffs and the potentially unintended results of RSAs when designing and negotiating RSAs.

scholarly journals Grading Investment Diversification Options in Presence of Non-Historical Financial Information

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 692
Author(s):  
Clara Calvo ◽  
Carlos Ivorra ◽  
Vicente Liern ◽  
Blanca Pérez-Gladish
Keyword(s):  
Risk Measure ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Statistical Risk ◽  
Reduction Index

Modern portfolio theory deals with the problem of selecting a portfolio of financial assets such that the expected return is maximized for a given level of risk. The forecast of the expected individual assets’ returns and risk is usually based on their historical returns. In this work, we consider a situation in which the investor has non-historical additional information that is used for the forecast of the expected returns. This implies that there is no obvious statistical risk measure any more, and it poses the problem of selecting an adequate set of diversification constraints to mitigate the risk of the selected portfolio without losing the value of the non-statistical information owned by the investor. To address this problem, we introduce an indicator, the historical reduction index, measuring the expected reduction of the expected return due to a given set of diversification constraints. We show that it can be used to grade the impact of each possible set of diversification constraints. Hence, the investor can choose from this gradation, the set better fitting his subjective risk-aversion level.

scholarly journals Impact Mechanism of the Ecological Vulnerability of Highly Developed Islands Based on the Bayesian Network Model—Applied to the Changshan Islands

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4150
Author(s):  
Keyu Qin ◽  
Haijun Huang ◽  
Jingya Liu ◽  
Liwen Yan ◽  
Yanxia Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Network ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Bayesian Network Model ◽  
Island Ecosystems ◽  
Impact Mechanism ◽  
The North ◽  
Ecological Vulnerability ◽  
The Impact

Islands are one of the most sensitive interfaces between global changes and land and sea dynamic effects, with high sensitivity and low stability. Therefore, under the dynamic coupling effect of human activities and frequent natural disasters, the vulnerability of the ecological environment of islands shows the characteristics of complexity and diversity. For the protection of island ecosystems, a system for the assessment of island ecosystems and studies on the mechanism of island ecological vulnerability are highly crucial. In this study, the North and South Changshan Islands of China were selected as the study area. Considering various impact factors of island ecological vulnerability, the geographical information systems (GIS) spatial analysis, field surveys, data sampling were used to evaluate island ecological vulnerability. The Bayesian network model was used to explore the impact mechanism of ecological vulnerability. The results showed that the ecological vulnerability of the North Changshan Island is higher than that of the South Changshan Island. Among all the indicators, the proportion of net primary productivity (NPP) and the steep slope has the strongest correlation with ecological vulnerability. This study can be used as references in the relevant departments to formulate management policies and promote the sustainable development of islands and their surrounding waters

scholarly journals Optimization of Financial Asset Neutrosophic Portfolios

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1162
Author(s):  
Marcel-Ioan Boloș ◽  
Ioana-Alexandra Bradea ◽  
Camelia Delcea
Keyword(s):  
Capital Market ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Financial Asset ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Portfolio Risk ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Triangular Numbers ◽  
The Capital Market

The purpose of this paper was to model, with the help of neutrosophic fuzzy numbers, the optimal financial asset portfolios, offering additional information to those investing in the capital market. The optimal neutrosophic portfolios are those categories of portfolios consisting of two or more financial assets, modeled using neutrosophic triangular numbers, that allow for the determination of financial performance indicators, respectively the neutrosophic average, the neutrosophic risk, for each financial asset, and the neutrosophic covariance as well as the determination of the portfolio return, respectively of the portfolio risk. There are two essential conditions established by rational investors on the capital market to obtain an optimal financial assets portfolio, respectively by fixing the financial return at the estimated level as well as minimizing the risk of the financial assets neutrosophic portfolio. These conditions allowed us to compute the financial assets’ share in the total value of the neutrosophic portfolios, for which the financial return reaches the level set by investors and the financial risk has the minimum value. In financial terms, the financial assets’ share answers the legitimate question of rational investors in the capital market regarding the amount of money they must invest in compliance with the optimal conditions regarding the neutrosophic return and risk.

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