Consequences of the energy policy in member states of the European Union – the renewable energy sources targets

For many years, the future of energy has been one of the most important problems and challenges for both national and global policy making. It is related to the high responsibility of the energy sector for climate change on Earth, but also for caring about ensuring sufficient energy for the future generations. Thus, energy policy is an important pillar of maintaining, broadly understood as internal security of the country. The biggest challenge related to ensuring energy security of the European Union is the diversification of energy sources. Member States are trying to tackle this challenge in two ways. Firstly, through the development of renewable energy, and secondly, looking for new channels for the supply of non-renewable energy. The restructuring of the energy sector, which has taken place in recent years, in accordance with the guidelines of the European Union, aims to intensify the use of environmentally friendly renewable energy sources. Equally important is the construction of the Nord Stream 2 and Turk Steam gas pipelines, which has been ongoing for several years, which raises much controversy in the Member States. The article is an analysis of the opportunities and challenges facing the European Union related to ensuring stable energy supplies to European citizens.

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The Policy of Renewable Energy Sources in the Function of the Environmental Protection in the EU

Economic Themes ◽

10.1515/ethemes-2015-0020 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 344-353

Author(s):

Dejan Ž. Đorđević ◽

Milan Veselinović

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Policy ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

The European Union ◽

Effective Response ◽

Total Energy Balance ◽

The Eu

AbstractThe policy of renewable energy sources has gained more importance over recent years. The European Union is facing serious challenges regarding greenhouse gas emissions and energy sustainability, followed by the supply security, import dependence and competitiveness as well as the effective implementation of the internal energy market. The energy policy of the European Union is the most effective response to the new situation the member states of the European Union are facing. The EU energy policy aims to cause a new industrial revolution and the growth of the economic energy efficiency with low emissions of carbon dioxide. In order to achieve this, targets have been set for the future. Among them is the increase in the share of production and consumption of renewable energy in the total energy balance.

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Analysis of the RES Potential in Accordance with the Energy Policy of the European Union

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14196030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (19) ◽

pp. 6030

Author(s):

Tomasz Jałowiec ◽

Henryk Wojtaszek

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Policy ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Energy Sources ◽

The European Union

There is a need to reduce carbon-based energy and replace it with clean energy in order to counteract the negative effects of climate change. The increase in renewable energy sources may result in savings and the increasing cost of maintaining carbon-based energy. Worldwide involvement is required. The fulfillment of conditions by individual states does not solve the problem. The COVID-19 pandemic has slowed economic growth. It turns out that economic growth is not always associated with increased investments in RES (existing or emerging new clean energy points). We have a new epidemiological threat—Delta—which could become large. This will not improve the situation. Germany is an exemplary country for benchmarking in the field of renewable energy. The worrying fact is that Poland, despite economic growth, does not achieve an even growth in RES. Each of us is required to be involved, to be open to innovation and to act in accordance with the energy policy of the European Union. Basic management functions (planning, organizing, motivating and controlling) are also essential. Failure to meet the demands of the energy policy should be thoroughly verified and consequences should be drawn in order to involve the whole world. The authors thoroughly analyzed many factors that have a significant impact on the success in stopping climate change and increasing RES. With the increase in energy demand, renewable energy is introduced to a greater extent. Additionally, coal energy will be more expensive to maintain. The more RES, the more expensive the energy obtained from mine sources. The investment is an opportunity to meet the demands of RES, but investors are currently only interested in investing in renewable energy in highly developed countries. The decision-making process regarding the implementation of renewable energy sources not only consists in a radical decision to introduce changes, but also in the fulfillment of a number of assumptions regarding the energy policy controlled by the authorities of a given state as part of this action. There is a risk (fear) in underdeveloped countries that they will not be able to finalize this project, either due to the lack of investor interest or the lack of real opportunities due to the failure to meet the guidelines of the energy policy of a given country. It is advisable that state governments facilitate the process as much as possible so that even less developed countries could take advantage of this postulate.

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Significance of the Climate and Energy Package for the Development of Renewable Energy Sources in the European Union

Comparative Economic Research ◽

10.2478/cer-2014-0013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 45-60

Author(s):

Agnieszka Pach-Gurgul

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Policy Development ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Energy Sources ◽

The European Union ◽

Member States ◽

Energy Package

The utilisation of renewable energy in the European Union seems, at the present stage of energy policy development, inevitable. It offers many benefits, including, above all: the possibility of increasing the energy security of a given state or region thanks to the diversification of the sources of energy supply, the limitation of imports from energy suppliers, such as of natural gas or oil, thus reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels, ecological effects connected with the elimination of greenhouse gas emissions and other substances harmful to the natural environment, economic and social benefits, such as the creation of new jobs. The Climate and Energy Package obliges member states to pursue a common aim – to increase the share of renewable energy to 20% in the general energy balance of the European Union by 2020. This is a challenging task, since the renewable energy sector requires significant financial support to increase its competitiveness, compared to traditional energy sources. When adopting the Energy Package, leaders of member states did not anticipate the economic crisis and its impact on the European Union’s economy, and on the energy sector in particular.

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Development of Renewable Energy Sources in Poland in Light of European Energy Policy

Environmental Sciences Proceedings ◽

10.3390/environsciproc2021009011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Agata Witkowska ◽

Bernadetta Wądołowska ◽

Dorota Anna Krawczyk

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Policy ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Green Energy ◽

Energy Sources ◽

European Law ◽

The European Union ◽

Energy Transformation ◽

European Energy Policy

Due to the European Union, which aspires to pursue an ambitious climate policy, in Poland we have been seeing the development of the energy sector over recent years, reflected by a constantly growing share of green energy. Nevertheless, it is still not enough in relation to the requirements of European law. Europe is to become a climate neutral continent by 2050—if Poland wants to comply with these agreements, it must undergo an energy transformation.

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Energy Policy of European Union Member States in the Context of Renewable Energy Sources Development

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14102864 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 2864

Author(s):

Wiesław Musiał ◽

Monika Zioło ◽

Lidia Luty ◽

Kamila Musiał

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Sustainable Development ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Policy ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Individual Member ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Countries

As a consequence of increasing air pollution, the European Commission has decided to introduce special directives laying down the measures to achieve climate and energy neutrality. Renewable energy (RE) sources play an important role in the pursuit of these goals, which has been taken into account in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The aim of this article is to describe patterns and trends in the achievements of the energy policy of European Union (EU) countries in the field of renewable energy in sustainable development. The identification of leaders in this field gives the possibility to analyse actions taken by the governments of these countries and the possible implementation of the introduced solutions on the ground of individual Member States at the regional and national levels. At the beginning Main goal of energy policy on the field of renewable energy sources (RES) is to increase production from environmentally friendly sources that is why trends were determined in order to assess the rate of achievement of the national target for changes the share of energy from renewable sources in total gross energy consumption. Groups of similar countries were then identified on the basis of three indicators corresponding to the targets set in the climate and energy package. In the group of analysed countries, 14 have achieved the 2020 targets and 4 have exceeded the 2030 targets. The main renewable energy sources (RES) are biofuels, wind, and hydropower. In the assessment of the achievement of energy policy targets, the best situation was observed in the case of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. These countries have significantly increased the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. Compared to other EU countries, they have reduced the economy’s energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions the most.

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European Energy Security

10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0015 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Almas Heshmati ◽

Shahrouz Abolhosseini

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Policy ◽

Energy Security ◽

Energy Supply ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Primary Energy ◽

The European Union

This chapter reviews relevant literature on the current state and effectiveness of developing renewable energy on energy security in general, and on energy security in the European Union (EU) in particular. The chapter elaborates on primary energy import sources, possible alternatives, and how energy security is affected by the sources of supply. It also gives an analysis of the effects of the Ukrainian crisis, the isolation of Iran on diversification sources, and on European energy security. It examines EU’s energy policy, analyses the best motivation for a new energy policy direction within Europe, and suggests alternative solutions for enhanced energy supply security. The aim is to suggest suitable solutions for energy security in Europe through energy supply diversification. Supply diversification includes alternative energy corridors for reducing dependency on Russia as a supplier and enhancing the power generated by renewable energy sources under the European Union 2020 strategy.

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Relationships between Renewable Energy and the Prevalence of Morbidity in the Countries of the European Union: A Panel Regression Approach

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18126548 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 6548

Author(s):

Robert Stefko ◽

Beata Gavurova ◽

Miroslav Kelemen ◽

Martin Rigelsky ◽

Viera Ivankova

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Statistical Methods ◽

Regression Models ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Panel Regression ◽

The European Union ◽

Panel Regression Models

The main objective of the presented study was to examine the associations between the use of renewable energy sources in selected sectors (transport, electricity, heating, and cooling) and the prevalence of selected groups of diseases in the European Union, with an emphasis on the application of statistical methods considering the structure of data. The analyses included data on 27 countries of the European Union from 2010 to 2019 published in the Eurostat database and the Global Burden of Disease Study. Panel regression models (pooling model, fixed (within) effects model, random effects model) were primarily used in analytical procedures, in which a panel variable was represented by countries. In most cases, positive and significant associations between the use of renewable energy sources and the prevalence of diseases were confirmed. The results of panel regression models could be generally interpreted as meaning that renewable energy sources are associated with the prevalence of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and kidney diseases, digestive diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, neoplasms, sense organ diseases, and skin and subcutaneous diseases at a significance level (α) of 0.05 and lower. These findings could be explained by the awareness of the health problem and the response in the form of preference for renewable energy sources. Regarding statistical methods used for country data or for data with a specific structure, it is recommended to use the methods that take this structure into account. The absence of these methods could lead to misleading conclusions.

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Changes in Energy Consumption in Agriculture in the EU Countries

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14061570 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1570

Author(s):

Tomasz Rokicki ◽

Aleksandra Perkowska ◽

Bogdan Klepacki ◽

Piotr Bórawski ◽

Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

The European Union ◽

Eu Countries ◽

Research Hypothesis ◽

The Eu

The paper’s main purpose was to identify and present the current situation and changes in energy consumption in agriculture in the European Union (EU) countries. The specific objectives were the determination of the degree of concentration of energy consumption in agriculture in the EU countries, showing the directions of their changes, types of energy used, and changes in this respect, establishing the correlation between energy consumption and changes in the economic and agricultural situation in the EU countries. All member states of the European Union were deliberately selected for research on 31 December 2018 (28 countries). The research period covered the years 2005–2018. The sources of materials were the literature on the subject, and data from Eurostat. Descriptive, tabular, and graphical methods were used to analyze and present materials, dynamics indicators with a stable base, Gini concentration coefficient, concentration analysis using the Lorenz curve, coefficient of variation, Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. A high concentration of energy consumption in agriculture was found in several EU countries, the largest in countries with the largest agricultural sector, i.e., France and Poland. There were practically no changes in the concentration level. Only in the case of renewable energy, a gradual decrease in concentration was visible. More and more countries developed technologies that allow the use of this type of energy. However, the EU countries differed in terms of the structure of the energy sources used. The majority of the basis was liquid fuels, while stable and gaseous fuels were abandoned in favor of electricity and renewable sources—according to which, in the EU countries, the research hypothesis was confirmed: a gradual diversification of energy sources used in agriculture, with a systematic increase in the importance of renewable energy sources. The second research hypothesis was also confirmed, according to which the increase in the consumption of renewable energy in agriculture is closely related to the economy’s parameters. The use of renewable energy is necessary and results from concern for the natural environment. Therefore, economic factors may have a smaller impact.

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The Concept of Multiple Impacts of Renewable Energy Sources: A Critical Review

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14113183 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 3183

Author(s):

Michaela Makešová ◽

Michaela Valentová

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Policy ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

The European Union ◽

Multiple Impacts ◽

Energy Field ◽

Full Picture ◽

The Difference ◽

Social Environmental

Reaching climate neutrality by 2050 is one of the main long-term objectives of the European Union climate and energy policy, and renewable energy sources (RES) are integral parts of this transition. RES development results in many effects, direct and indirect, linked to each other, societal, local and individual, i.e., “multiple impacts of RES” (MI RES). These effects need to be carefully assessed and evaluated to obtain the full picture of energy field transformation and its context, and enable further development of RES. Nevertheless, the MI RES concept is often presented misleadingly and its scope varies throughout the literature. This paper provides a literature overview of the methodologies of this concept and presents a new concept of MI RES, respecting the difference between effects resulting from the implementation of RES and ultimate multiple impacts. We have summarized the effects into four groups: economic, social, environmental, and technical, which all lead to group of ultimate multiple impacts. Finally, we provide the complex overview of all MI RES and present the framework, which is used to analyze the multiple impacts and effects of RES and to show how the RES development leads and contributes to these impacts and effects. The concept is recommended to be considered in designing a robust energy policy by decision-makers.

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