scholarly journals Biochemical changes in ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula l.) cultivars induced by root knot nematodes

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 919-925
Author(s):  
Ritu Kumari Pandey ◽  
DK Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Infection Period ◽  
Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Luffa Acutangula ◽  
Ridge Gourd Cultivars

Biochemical changes in different ridge gourd cultivars inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita were investigated. All the parameters showed higher activity during post infection period, both at shoots and roots level. Cultivar Priya had significant higher activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) than rest of the cultivars in infected shoots. However, it had only significant higher PAL expression in infected roots of Harsha cultivar of ridge gourd. All the cultivars showed non-significant changes in infected shoots for tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) contents. In infected roots, culture BSS 1009 showed significant increase in TAL than cultivars Harsha and Aarti, however Priya only had significant higher expression of TAL than culture Harsha. For peroxidase contains, all the cultivars displayed significant variation at infected shoots and roots level. Highest increase in peroxidase was noticed in resistant than susceptible cultivars in infected shoots of different ridge gourd cultivars. In general, with few exceptions resistant cultivars had higher catalase activity both in infected shoots and roots of different ridge gourd cultivars.

Formation of Benzoic Acid and p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid in the Blue Green Alga Anacystis nidulans: A Thylakoid-Bound Enzyme Complex Analogous to the Chloroplast System

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 693-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Löffelhardt ◽  
H. Kindl
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Anacystis Nidulans ◽  
Striking Similarity ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Cinnamic Acids ◽  
Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Enzyme Complexes

Abstract Membrane-Bound Enzyme Complexes, Anacystis nidulans, Thylakoids, Benzoate Synthase The photosynthetic procaryote Anacystis nidulans converts L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine into benzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. Results obtained with thylakoid fractions support the hypothesis that the reaction sequence is catalyzed by thylakoid-bound enzyme complexes consisting of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and benzoate synthase or tyrosine ammonia-lyase and p-hydroxybenzoate synthase, respectively. Both complexes do not accept phenylacetic acids as substrates, and cinnamic acids only at a small extent. These properties suggest a striking similarity to a benzoic acid-synthesizing enzyme system from higher plants which is situated at the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. The respective complexes of Dunaliella marina and Porphyridium sp. were included in this comparison.

scholarly journals THE SERO-CONVERSION AND EVALUATION OF RENAL ALTERATIONS IN DOGS INFECTED BY Leishmania (Infantum) chagasi

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Brenda Barros Alves ◽  
Lucilene dos Santos Silva ◽  
Joilson Ferreira Batista ◽  
Ângela Piauilino Campos ◽  
Maria das Graças Prianti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Infection Period ◽  
Conversion Period

This study investigated the sero-conversion period in which dogs from endemic areas test positive for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as well as the early post-infection period in which renal alterations are observed. Dogs that were initially negative for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) were clinically evaluated every three months by serological, parasitological and biochemical tests until sero-conversion was confirmed, and six months later a subsequent evaluation was performed. Samples of kidney tissues were processed and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson’s trichrome stain and lesions were classified based on the WHO criteria. Of the 40 dogs that initially tested negative for VL, 25 (62.5%) exhibited positive serological tests during the study period. Of these 25 dogs, 15 (60%) tested positive within three months, five (20%) tested positive within six months and five (20%) tested positive within nine months. The dogs exhibited antibody titers between 1:40 and 1:80 and 72% of the dogs exhibited clinical symptoms. The Leishmania antigen was present in the kidneys of recently infected dogs. We found higher levels of total protein and globulin as well as lower levels of albumin in the infected dogs when compared to the control dogs. Additionally, infected dogs presented levels of urea and creatinine that were higher than those of the uninfected dogs. Glomerulonephritis was detected in some of the dogs examined in this study. These data suggest that in Teresina, the sero-conversion for VL occurs quickly and showed that the infected dogs presented abnormal serum proteins, as well as structural and functional alterations in the kidneys during the early post-infection period.

scholarly journals The Mandelate Pathway, an Alternative to the Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Pathway for the Synthesis of Benzenoids in Ascomycete Yeasts

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jose Valera ◽  
Eduardo Boido ◽  
Juan Carlos Ramos ◽  
Eduardo Manta ◽  
Rafael Radi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Benzoylformate Decarboxylase ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Metabolic Reactions ◽  
Level 2

ABSTRACT Benzenoid-derived metabolites act as precursors for a wide variety of products involved in essential metabolic roles in eukaryotic cells. They are synthesized in plants and some fungi through the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) pathways. Ascomycete yeasts and animals both lack the capacity for PAL/TAL pathways, and metabolic reactions leading to benzenoid synthesis in these organisms have remained incompletely known for decades. Here, we show genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic evidence that yeasts use a mandelate pathway to synthesize benzenoids, with some similarities to pathways used by bacteria. We conducted feeding experiments using a synthetic fermentation medium that contained either 13C-phenylalanine or 13C-tyrosine, and, using methylbenzoylphosphonate (MBP) to inhibit benzoylformate decarboxylase, we were able to accumulate intracellular intermediates in the yeast Hanseniaspora vineae. To further confirm this pathway, we tested in separate fermentation experiments three mutants with deletions in the key genes putatively proposed to form benzenoids (Saccharomyces cerevisiae aro10Δ, dld1Δ, and dld2Δ strains). Our results elucidate the mechanism of benzenoid synthesis in yeast through phenylpyruvate linked with the mandelate pathway to produce benzyl alcohol and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, as well as sugars. These results provide an explanation for the origin of the benzoquinone ring, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and suggest that Aro10p has benzoylformate and 4-hydroxybenzoylformate decarboxylase functions in yeast. IMPORTANCE We present here evidence of the existence of the mandelate pathway in yeast for the synthesis of benzenoids. The link between phenylpyruvate- and 4-hydroxyphenlypyruvate-derived compounds with the corresponding synthesis of benzaldehydes through benzoylformate decarboxylation is demonstrated. Hanseniaspora vineae was used in these studies because of its capacity to produce benzenoid derivatives at a level 2 orders of magnitude higher than that produced by Saccharomyces. Contrary to what was hypothesized, neither β-oxidation derivatives nor 4-coumaric acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of yeast benzenoids. Our results might offer an answer to the long-standing question of the origin of 4-hydroxybenzoate for the synthesis of Q10 in humans.

Relationship between the production of interferon-α/β and interferon-γ during acute toxoplasmosis

Parasitology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Diez ◽  
A. Galdeano ◽  
R. Nicolas ◽  
R. Cisterna
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Interferon Α ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Infection Period ◽  
Mitogen Responsiveness ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Acute Toxoplasmosis

SUMMARYAcute toxoplasmosis was induced in mice, and interferon (IFN) production in serum and by spleen cells was evaluated during the infection period. Interferon was characterized by acid-treatment and anti-IFN-α/β neutralization. In order to verify the correlation between the unusual aspects of the IFN production and the induction of immunosuppression, splenocyte mitogen responsiveness was investigated concomitantly to IFN synthesis. The activity ofToxoplasma-induced serum IFN-α/β increased gradually throughout all post-infection days, but IFN-γ was not detected in the systemic circulation at any time during the infection. It was also observed that IFN-α/β production and the capacity to produce IFN-γ by spleen cells were closely and inversely correlated. As the infection progressed, more IFN-α/β was produced, and the ability of spleen cells to produce IFN-γ decreased. The observation thatToxoplasma-infected mice were concomitantly immunosuppressed (as documented by mitogen unresponsiveness and defective IFN-γ production) in direct correlation to IFN-α/β production, suggests that such IFN-α/β production is an important factor associated with acute toxoplasmosis-induced immunosuppression.

Biochemical changes in susceptible and resistant black gram cultivars induced by root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Nayak ◽  
Ritu Kumari Pandey ◽  
Robert Lepcha ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Kar
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Black Gram ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents

Biochemical changes in black gram varieties inoculated with root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita were investigated. Observations were recorded in the biochemical modifications relating to various parameters like total chlorophyll , total sugar contents, protein, and proline content during post infection periods. The variation in total chlorophyll, total protein, proline and total sugar content in six cultivars i.e PU 09-36(S), MU-44(S) ,VBG 11-031(R) ,VBG 11-016(R) ,KUG- 715 (R)and NUL- 205(R) were studied 45 days after inoculation . Reduced percentage of total chlorophyll contents were observed in inoculated samples than the healthy counterparts. However, an increase in amount of total protein ,proline and total sugar contents was observed in the diseased tissues.

scholarly journals Zinc Induced Enzymatic Defense Mechanisms in Rhizoctonia Root Rot Infected Clusterbean Seedlings

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Wadhwa ◽  
Udai Narayan Joshi ◽  
Naresh Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Metabolism ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Wet Weight

This investigation was planned to determine the effect of different concentrations of zinc (Zn) on biochemical constituents of clusterbean, which play an important role in disease resistance mechanisms. Clusterbean seedlings were grown with 0, 10, or 20 mg Zn kg−1 soil treatments in earthen pots filled with 700 g inoculated soil. Soil was inoculated by pretreatment with 250 mg (wet weight) of Rhizoctonia inoculums per pot. A similar set was maintained in uninoculated soil. Root rot incidence decreased to 41 and 27 per cent with 10 and 20 mg Zn kg−1 soil treatments, respectively, as compared to 68 percent at control. Antioxidative enzyme activity (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and tyrosine ammonia lyase) increased in inoculated seedlings and was increased further by 20 mg Zn kg−1 soil treatment. Antioxidative enzymes play an important role against fungal invasion, as peroxidase is involved in the formation of barrier via lignifications at the site of pathogen penetration. PAL and TAL play a key role in phenylpropanoid metabolism and could perform defense-related functions. Zn acts as a cofactor for these enzymes, so it can be concluded that Zn may be used as a soil-nutritive agent to increase resistance in plants against fungal diseases.

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