Post-production Losses in Iodine Concentration of Salt Hamper the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders: A Case Study in Northern Ethiopia

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) constitute the single largest cause of preventable neurological damage worldwide. Majority of consequences of IDD are invisible and irreversible but at the same time these are preventable. The study was conducted to assess the prevalence of goiter in school children aged 6-12 years, to estimate the urinary iodine excretion and to assess the level of iodine concentration in salt samples obtained from households of selected school children.Methods: Population proportionate to size sampling. Sample size was 90 primary school-going children of age 6-12 years in each selected village, total 2700 from 30 villages/wards in Betul district, Madhya Pradesh, India.Results: The prevalence of goiter among the 6-12 years children was found to be 32.06%. Females had higher prevalence compared to males. Of the 540 salt samples, 370 (68.4%) had iodine concentration ≥15 ppm at household level.Conclusions: IDD is a mild public health problem in Betul district.

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Lack of dietary sources of iodine and the prevalence of iodine deficiency in rural women from Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia

African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development ◽

10.18697/ajfand.60.12735 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (60) ◽

pp. 8401-8414

Author(s):

T Gebreegziabher ◽

◽

N Teyike ◽

A Mulugeta ◽

Y Abebe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Rural Women ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodized Salt ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Dairy Consumption

Iodine deficiency has been reported to affect a large number of people in Ethiopia. Although significant progress against iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) has been reported worldwide, millions of people remain with insufficient iodine intake. Multiple factors may contribute to iodine deficiency. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate iodine deficiency and dietary intake of iodine. A cross-sectional survey design was used to assess urinary iodine concentration (UIC), goiter and dietary intake of iodine in a sample of 202 non-pregnant women living in three rural communities of Sidama Zone, southern Ethiopia. Urinary iodine concentration was analyzed using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction, goiter was assessed using palpation and dietary source of iodine was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed using selected descriptive and analytical statistical measures with SAS software. Mean (SD) age, mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and body mass index [BMI -Wt(kg)/(Ht(m))2] were 30.8(7.9) y, 24.8(2.5) cm and 20 (2.2) respectively. Median UIC was 37.2 µg/L. Participants with UIC <20 µg/L, classified as severely iodine deficient were 22.8%; 46.5% had UIC between 20 to <50 µg/L, classified as moderately iodine deficient, and 27.2 % had UIC in the mild deficiency range of 50 to <100 µg/L. Only 3.5% of the women had UIC ≥ 100 μg/L. The total goiter rate was 15.9%, which was 1.5% visible and 14.4% palpable goiter. A majority of the participants consumed Enset (E. ventricosum), corn and kale frequently and meat was consumed rarely. None of the participants reported ever consuming iodized salt or ever having heard about use of iodized salt. Adjacent communities (Alamura, Tullo and Finchawa) showed significant differences in UIC, goiter rate and frequency of fish and dairy consumption. The findings of the present study revealed that iodine status of the population is a significant public health problem. Hence, there is a need to supply iodized salt in order to achieve the goal of elimination of iodine deficiency disorders in the community.

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Iodine Deficiency Disorders After Sixteen Years of Universal Dietary Salt Iodization in a Severe Iodine Deficiency Village in Niger

The Open Nutrition Journal ◽

10.2174/1874288201408010008 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 8-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hassimi Sadou ◽

Ibrahim G. Dandano ◽

Mousbahou M. Alma ◽

Hamani Daouda

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Salt Iodization ◽

And Gender ◽

Goitre Prevalence ◽

The Impact

Introduction: Since 1996, Niger has officially adopted the universal dietary salt iodization program (UDSI). Objective: It is a before‑after trial study conducted to determine the impact of UDSI program in Tiguey 16 years after. Subjects and methods: The study was centered on 371 volunteers whose thyroid gland was palpated and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) determined in 319 of them. Results: The total goitre rate (TGR) was 13.20% with 9.70% invisible but palpable goitre (G1) and 3.50% visible goitre (G2). In 1987, the TGR was 77.15%, with 25.25% G1 and 51.90 % G2. The median UIC was 166.00 μg/L, the 20th percentile 66.40 μg/L and the 80 percentile was 300 μg/L. 68.34 % of the volunteers had a UIC ≥ 100 μg/L, 2.51% <20 μg/L, 10.97% between 20 and 49 μg/L and 18.18% between 50 and 99 μg/L. In 1987, only 3.96% of the studied sample had a UIC ≥ 100 μg/L, 45 % had a UIC <20 μg/L, 35% between 20 and 49 μg/L and 16% from 50 to 99 μg/L. No significant relationship was found between UIC and age and gender or goitre prevalence and gender (P> 0.05). However, goitre prevalence increases significantly with age (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The implementation of the UDSI program in Niger decreased goitre prevalence and significantly improved the nutritional iodine status of the populations of Tiguey. However a slight endemic goitre and mild to moderate iodine deficiency persists.

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Thyroid volumes in a national sample of iodine-sufficient swiss school children: comparison with the World Health Organization/International Council for the control of iodine deficiency disorders normative thyroid volume criteria

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.0.1420599 ◽

2000 ◽

pp. 599-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

SY Hess ◽

MB Zimmermann

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Reference Data ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

National Sample ◽

World Health ◽

Normative Values ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders

OBJECTIVE: The determination of goiter prevalence in children by thyroid ultrasound is an important tool for assessing iodine deficiency disorders. The current World Health Organization/International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (WHO/ICCIDD) normative values, based on thyroid volume in iodine-sufficient European children, have recently been questioned, as thyroid volumes in iodine-sufficient children from the USA and Malaysia are smaller than the WHO/ICCIDD reference data. Our objective was to describe ultrasonographic thyroid volumes in a representative national sample of iodine-sufficient Swiss school children, and to compare these with the current reference data for thyroid volume. DESIGN AND METHODS: A 3-stage, probability proportionate-to-size cluster sampling method was used to obtain a representative national sample of 600 Swiss children aged 6-12 years. The following data were collected: thyroid size by ultrasound, urinary iodine concentration, weight, height, sex and age. RESULTS: The median urinary iodine concentration (range) of the children was 115 microgram/l (5-413). Application of the WHO/ICCIDD thyroid volume references to the Swiss children resulted in a prevalence of 0%, using either age/sex-specific or body surface area (BSA)/sex-specific cut-off values. Upper limits of normal (97th percentile) of thyroid volume from Swiss children calculated using BSA, sex and age were similar to those reported in iodine-sufficient children in the USA, but were 20-56% lower than the corresponding WHO/ICCIDD references. CONCLUSIONS: Swiss children had smaller thyroids than the European children on which the WHO/ICCIDD references are based, perhaps due to a residual effect of a recent past history of iodine deficiency in many European regions. However, there were sharp differences between our data and a recent set of thyroid volume data in Swiss children produced by the operator and equipment that generated the WHO/ICCIDD reference data. This suggests that interobserver and/or interequipment variability may contribute to the current disagreement on normative values for thyroid size by ultrasound in iodine-sufficient children.

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Clinical practice guidelines “Management of iodine deficiency disorders”

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl12750 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 10-25

Author(s):

F. M. Abdulkhabirova ◽

O. B. Bezlepkina ◽

D. N. Brovin ◽

T. A. Vadina ◽

G. A. Melnichenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Clinical Guidelines ◽

Multinodular Goiter ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Adults And Children

Iodine deficiency disorders is a sweeping term that includes structural and functional impairment of the thyroid gland.These clinical guidelines include algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of euthyroid goiter and nodular/ multinodular goiter in adults and children. In addition, these clinical guidelines contain information on methods for an adequate epidemiological assessment of iodine deficiency disorders using such markers as the percentage of goiter in schoolchildren, the median urinary iodine concentration, the level of neonatal TSH, the median thyroglobulin in children and adults. As well from these clinical guidelines, you can get to know the main methods and groups of epidemiological studies of iodine deficiency disorders.

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Evaluating of significance of thyroglobulin (Tg) level in blood as a biomarker of iodine deficiency disorders severity in Uzbekistan

Clinical and experimental thyroidology ◽

10.14341/ket2017120-25 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 20-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Saydiganikhodja I. Ismailov ◽

Murod M. Rashitov ◽

Nusrat A. Alimdjanov ◽

Kamil K. Uzbekov ◽

Muhammadjon Kh. Vakkasov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

International Studies ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Goiter Prevalence ◽

Diffuse Goiter ◽

Thyroglobulin Level ◽

Thyroglobulin Concentration

Iodine deficiency has serious adverse effects on growth and development of humans, such as mental impairment. It is known, that thyroglobulin level in blood is promising biomarker that can determine iodine deficiency disorders severity in a given region. The Aim of study: Evaluating of significance of thyroglobulin level in blood as a biomarker of iodine deficiency disorders severity in Uzbekistan.. Materials and Methods: We evaluated thyroglobulin level in blood in schoolchildren of Uzbekistan. In this purpose we studied 366 schoolchildren in 8-12 age group, of that 163 boys and 203 girls living in Tashkent city, Fergana, Samarkand, Bukhara, Kashkadarya, Khoresm and Republic of Karakalpakistan. Such parameters as urinary iodine concentration, diffuse goiter plasma TSH, fT4 were analyzed too. Results: Diffuse goiter prevalence was 27 % among children, the overall mean thyroglobulin concentration was 12,8 ± 10.4 ng/ml, the overall median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 120.27 μg/L indicating iodine sufficiency. Plasma TSH was 2.75 ± 1.69 mIU/l and plasma fТ4 14.48 ± 3,96 pmol/l. Thyroglobulin level depended on goiter size, so that in children without goiter (grade 0) mean thyroglobulin concentration was 11,9 ± 7.9 ng/ml, in children with goiter grade 1 mean thyroglobulin concentration was 14,24 ± 13.5 ng/ml and in children with goiter grade 2 mean thyroglobulin concentration was 18,82±18,3 ng/ml. Overall mean thyroglobulin concentration of goitrous children (grade 1 and 2) was 16,4±10,5 ng/ml. Conclusions: Though international studies in school-aged children showed that iodine-sufficient children typically had a median Tg <13 ng/ml, our investigation showed that while study group’s UIC was 120.27 μg/L and overall mean thyroglobulin concentration was 12,8 ± 10.4 ng/ml, that is equal to median thyroglobulin concentration – 11,73 ng/ml, 39% of children in this group still have UIC below 100 μg/L.

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